History in Person and Person in History: The Case of Preparation for Work in Russian Schools before and after 1991

The issue of exploring historic transformations in social processes with regard to the individual development or social position is not new in social sciences; and yet history appears to be one of the most complex and controversial issues in social scientists\u27 debates. This article contributes to the ongoing theoretical discussion of studying an individual in history and history in an individual. At the basis of the argument is a case study of transformations in preparation for work in Russian schools as a result of the 1991 political change, and the role of those transformations in students\u27 construction of future working lives. I argue that the structural nature of the social activity can be used as the first methodological entry point for studying historical aspects of social processes; the concept of personhood, understood as a socially formed system of long-life functions, forms a methodologically more abstract level of linking history and individual development. I conclude that when history is taken seriously in social research, analytic processes become all-inclusive in the analysis of social processes and individual development

Experimental evidence on rational inattention

We show that rational inattention theory of Sims (2003) provides a rationalization of choice models à la Luce and gives a structural interpretation to probability curvature parameters as reflecting costs of processing information. We use data from a behavioral experiment to show that people behave according to predictions of the theory. We estimate attitudes to risk and costs of information for individual participants and document overwhelming heterogeneity in these parameters among a relatively homogeneous sample of people. We characterize, both theoretically and empirically, the aggregation biases this heterogeneity implies and find these biases to be substantial.Risk management ; Econometrics

Polyphenols as Suitable control for Obesity and Diabetes

Modern life is characterized by physical inactivity and poor food choices, which is often a prerequisite for unhealthy weight gain and overweight/obesity. These factors unlock the emergence of a number of diseases including diabetes, cardiovascular problems, different types of cancer, etc. The pursuit of scientists to seek strategies to prevent, relieve and cure the patient leads to the usage of natural compounds of potential beneficial effect. Polyphenols are a large group of naturally occurring secondary metabolites mainly found in plants and beverages. The presence of these secondary metabolites seems to decrease the manifestation of miscellaneous disease-causing symptoms. The purpose of this review is to synthesize information about polyphenols and their potential in controlling obesity and diabetes. Polyphenols are considered as health-beneficial sources and thus could be involved in novel strategies for preventing diabetes and obesity complications

What Really Works to Improve Learning in Developing Countries? : An Analysis of Divergent Findings in Systematic Reviews

In the past two years alone, at least six systematic reviews or meta-analyses have examined the interventions that improve learning outcomes in low- and middle-income countries. However, these reviews have sometimes reached starkly different conclusions: reviews, in turn, recommend information technology, interventions that provide information about school quality, or even basic infrastructure (such as desks) to achieve the greatest improvements in student learning. This paper demonstrates that these divergent conclusions are largely driven by differences in the samples of research incorporated by each review. The top recommendations in a given review are often driven by the results of evaluations not included in other reviews. Of 227 studies with student learning results, the most inclusive review incorporates less than half of the total studies. Variance in classification also plays a role. Across the reviews, the three classes of programs that are recommended with some consistency (albeit under different names) are pedagogical interventions (including computer-assisted learning) that tailor teaching to student skills; repeated teacher training interventions, often linked to another pedagogical intervention; and improving accountability through contracts or performance incentives, at least in certain contexts. Future reviews will be most useful if they combine narrative review with meta-analysis, conduct more exhaustive searches, and maintain low aggregation of intervention categories

Insights and Perspectives on Plant-Based Beverages

The emerging demand for everyday food substitutes is increasing daily. More and more individuals struggle with allergies and intolerances, making providing alternatives for simple products like dairy milk mandatory. Plant-based beverages (PBBs) are currently trending due to the multiple diets that promote their consumption with or without a justification. PBBs can derive from various types of plants, not exclusively nuts. Some of the most well-known sources are almonds, soy, rice, and hazelnuts. Given the need for sustainable approaches to resource utilization and food production, novel sources for PBBs are being sought, including fruit kernels. The plant kingdom offers a palette of resources with proven bioactivity, i.e., containing flavonoids, phenolic acids, vitamins, carotenoids, and phenolics. Many of these beneficial substances are water-soluble, which could be transferred to the plant beverage compositions. The current review compares the vast number of potential formulations based on their specific nutritional profiles and possible deficiencies, as well as their expected health-promoting properties based on the raw material(s) used for production. Special attention will be given to the antinutrients, usually abundant in plant-based sources

Precision Medicine in Oncology: In Vitro Drug Sensitivity and Resistance Test (DSRT) for Selection of Personalized Anticancer Therapy

Precision or personalized medicine aims to determine an optimal therapy for each individual patient. In oncology techniques such as next generation sequencing, mRNA-sequencing, ChIP-sequencing, and mass spectrometry are used to perform a full molecular profiling for each patient. However, it is not always possible to determine a suitable treatment for an individual cancer based on molecular profiling, mostly due to the high level of tumor heterogeneity. In vitro drug sensitivity and resistance test (DSRT) can be performed on cancer cells or tissues obtained from a patient with a panel of anticancer compounds in order to experimentally define sensitivity and resistance of each individual cancer. In combination with molecular profiling, DSRT can provide a fuller picture about the nature of disease, allowing for finding more appropriate therapy for each individual patient. In this progress report, studies describing in vitro DSRTs on 2D and 3D cell models based on patient-derived cells are reviewed and challenges and future steps needed for the adaptation of these systems in clinics are discussed

ЛЕКСИКО-ФРАЗЕОЛОГИЧЕСКИЙ КОМПЛЕКС И ЕГО ЕДИНИЦЫ

The objective of this article is to study the structure of phraseological units, that is to say, multi-word linguistic units formed around a base word. In addition to the basic lexeme, these units include both possible combinations and their restrictions, establishing relations of varying degrees of semantic and syntactic complexity between the elements involved. In addition, the article reviews other systematic units conditioned by the development of the base word. The author also provides insight into the relations between phraseological units and other linguistic units (synonyms, antonyms and so on).El objetivo de este artículo es el estudio de la estructura de las unidades fraseológicas rusas, es decir, de las unidades lingü.sticas pluriverbales formadas alrededor de una palabra base. Se trata de unidades que incluyen, además del lexema base, las posibles combinaciones y sus restricciones. Entre estos elementos se establecen relaciones de diversos grados de complejidad semántica e sintáctica. El artículo cita, asimismo, otras unidades sistemáticas condicionadas por el desarrollo de la palabra base. La autora profundiza también en el conocimiento de las relaciones entre las unidades fraseológicas y otras unidades lingüísticas (sinonimia, antonimia, etc.

Development of trust marketing in the digital society

The development of a digital society, rapid access to information sources changes the consumers' behaviour in terms of goods and services purchased online. In these conditions, the key to business development is trust: trust in web sites, information and brands represented on the Internet. Trust promotes consumers’ decision-making with regard to interaction and changes the approaches to marketing activities of business entities. The study identifies the factors that contribute to the development of trust and focuses on the importance of communication and consumer values, including the digital culture. The stages of trust marketing development, which are based on the principles of the theory of trust and consumer behaviour in a digital environment, are specified. The research was conducted with the involvement of online users through an on-line survey in April-July 2018 and included 2,038 respondents. Research questions were formed on the basis of focus groups, which included active Internet users. The research concerned Russian-speaking and Ukrainian-speaking Internet users. It reflects a certain socio-cultural environment of the Internet and gives impetus to continue the research focused on the multicultural comparison. This research gives an idea of consumers’ confidence in the digital environment and defines the conceptual aspects of developing trust marketing in relation to interaction, communication, consumer values and development stages. As the results of the study revealed, changes in consumer behaviour in the Internet environment, lack of direct contact with staff members enhance the value of trust in the company or brand. Therefore, trust marketing becomes the most demanded concept of modern marketing. According to this concept, marketing tools of enterprises in a digital society should be configured to establish trust relationships with consumers. This generates changes in the behaviour of enterprises themselves. The practical aspects of this research are to provide business stakeholders with guidance on developing trust marketing in a digital society based on consumer behaviour understanding. The social consequences of trust marketing development are the digital citizens' satisfaction with their livelihoods by increasing confidence in business and the state, minimizing the risks in the digital environment