Ethnobotanical and in vitro cytotoxicity studies of Moringa oleifera, Andrographis paniculata and Asystasia vogeliana extracts

Ethnobotanical and in vitro cytotoxicity studies were carried out on three different multi- purpose medicinal plants; Moringa oleifera (Lam) (Moringaceae), Andrographis paniculata (Burm. f) and Asystasia vogeliana (Benth) (Acanthaceae). The ethnobotanical information was collected by one to one interview and discussions using semi-structured questionnaires with indigenous people from selected locations in Nigeria. Plant samples collected were identified and authenticated in Forestry Research Institute of Nigeria (FRIN), Ibadan, Oyo State. Each of these three plant samples was extracted in 95% ethanol using a soxhlet extraction apparatus and concentrated to dryness at 45 °C. M. oleifera showed the highest incidence of occurrence (17.5%), fidelity level (74.9%) and multi-purpose usage. The ethnobotanical study revealed the medicinal relevance of the three plants in the treatment of myriads of diseases and ailments including malaria, fever, high blood pressure, cancer, diabetes among others in local herbal medicine. The in vitro cytotoxicity activities of ethanol extracts of the three plant species were screened in two cancer cell lines (BGC-823 and HeLa cells) using the sulphorhodamine B (SRB) assay. Cytotoxicity assay on the two cell lines BGC-823 and HeLa cells revealed that only the ethanolic extract of A. paniculata exhibited some level (moderate) cytotoxicity activity with IC50 values of 24.7 and 23.1 μg/ml respectively. M. oleifera and A. vogeliana did not show any significant activity on the cell lines. The study highlights the importance of ethnobotanical information in finding cost effective, potent and safe herbs for people and screening of the plant species for their activities against cancer cell lines. Further studies on the isolation and characterization of bioactive compounds responsible for cytotoxic effects of A. paniculata is recommended

Antibacterial Susceptibility and Resistance Pattern of Organisms Isolated from Rectal Swab of Chicken

Resistance to antibiotics is a serious matter of concern for Public and threats to the successful treatment of miscrobial disease. The prevalence of some enterobacteriaceae such as Escherichia coli and Salmonella spp resistant to antimicrobial agents is increasing. This study is intended to determine susceptibility and resistance pattern of pathogenic isolates from the rectal swabs of chicken to 8 antibiotics. Hundred (100) rectal swabs of chickens were collected randomly from three different farms; a farm at Montan, Awotan, Apete and Apata all in Ibadan Metropolis of Oyo State. Isolation and identification of organisms were done using standard bacteriological techniques. Antimicrobial susceptibility test was performed following standard protocol. A total of 93 bacterial isolates were obtained from the hundred (100) rectal swaps of chicken. The isolates Escherichia Coli, Staphylococcus aureus and Salmonella spp. and their percentage of prevalence are 54, 43 and 3. Antibiotic susceptibility tests carried out on the isolates showed that most of the isolates were resistant to ofloxacin, cloxacillin and Augumentin, while almost all the isolates in this study are sensitive to gentamicin. Erythromycin did not have any effect on any of the bacterial isolates. Bacterial isolates obtained in the study area were multi drug resistant and this suggests that the chickens are important reservoir of antimicrobial resistant organism which is a major public health concern

Studies on Local Knowledge and In vitro Cytotoxicity of Moringa oleifera L., Andrographis paniculata N. and Asystasia vogeliana B. Extracts

Multi-Purpose Medicinal Plants (J\.1J'v1Ps) are gaining nnprecedented attention apparently because of their potency to contribute to the prevention and treatment of myriads of diseases. As such the toxicity of many herbs including the J\.1J'v1Ps has always been a concern particularly relating to internal organs. The present study investigates the local knowledge use and in vitro cytotoxicity against two cancer cell lines; BGC-823 and HeLa cells on three (MMPs); Moringo oleifero (Lam) (Moringaceae) Androgrophis poniculoto (Burm. f) and Asystasia vogeliana (Benth) (Acanthaceae). The local knowledge was collated through Participatory Rural Appraisal (PRA) approach from selected locations in the Oke-Ogrm area of Oyo state, Nigeria. Ethanolic extracts were used for the in vitro cytotoxicity study. The extracts were screened in two cancer cell lines (BGC-823 and HeLa cells) using the Sulpha Rhodamine B (SRB) assay. For the treatment of diseases, the local knowledge shows that A. poniculoto recorded higher fidelity level on the treatment of malaria (95% ), diabetes (80% ), high blood pressure (87 .5% ), cancer and tlllllor ( 65.7% ). The infusion of A. vogeliana in combination with the leaves of Cassia alata, Cymbopogon citrutus and fruit juice of Citrus aurantifolia recorded higher fidelity level in the treatment of malaria and chronic fever (74.8%), gonorrhea (65%) and leprosy (40%) suggesting better alternative toM. oleifera and A. paniculata. The medicinal relevance of the species in the treatment of diseases such as malaria, fever, high blood pressure, cancer, diabetes among others in local herbal medicine were revealed. Cytotoxicity assay on the two cell lines, BGC-823 and HeLa cells revealed that only the ethanolic extract of A. paniculata exhibited some level (moderate) of cytotoxic activity with IC50 values of 24.7 and 23.1 ).lg/mL, respectively. M. oleifera and A. vogeliana did not show any significant activity on the cell lines. The study highlights the importance of local knowledge in finding cost effective, potent and safe herbs for people and screening of the plant species for their activities against cancer cell line

Evaluation of Radiation Emissions, Physico-Chemical Parameters and Insect Fauna around the Environment of National Institute of Radiation Protection and Research

Abstract: Radiation emissions from the University of Ibadan National Institute of Radiation Protection and Research (NIRPR), physico-chemical properties measurement and insect's fauna collection around the surrounding of the Institute were conducted for a period of six months (November, 2011-April, 2012. Radiation survey meter model (RDS-30) type was used to take readings along the immediate surroundings of the NIRPR surroundings. Soil samples were collected at five points in the study site at a distance of 50 m from the Institute and the football pitch with a distance of 250 m away from the Institute as control site. Heavy metals (Fe, Cu, Zn, Cr, and Pb) were analysed using MiniPal 4 energy-dispersive X-Ray fluorescence (EDXRF) bench top spectrometer. Pit falls and sweep net were used in collection of crawling and flying insects respectively, some other arthropods were also collected. Results showed that radiation emission values of 0.012-0.016 µSv/hr was recorded, which was higher than the control site with reading of 0.009 µSv/hr. Heavy metal readings showed that iron (Fe) was higher at the sites than other metals. Correlation between chromium and lead was high (0.797) at (p<0.01). Diversity indices (Margalef, Shannon Wiener and Evenness respectively) for control site (3.56, 0.54, and 0.52) were higher than at the study site (2.62, 0.15 and 0.17). There was no correlation between arthropods abundance and radiation. This result therefore suggests that radiation could not be implicated in abundance and distribution of these arthropods

Optimal Model for Path Loss Predictions using Feed-Forward Neural Networks

[EN] In this paper, an optimal model is developed for path loss predictions using the Feed-Forward Neural Network (FFNN) algorithm. Drive test measurements were carried out in Canaanland Ota, Nigeria and Ilorin, Nigeria to obtain path loss data at varying distances from 11 different 1,800 MHz base station transmitters. Single-layered FFNNs were trained with normalized terrain profile data (longitude, latitude, elevation, altitude, clutter height) and normalized distances to produce the corresponding path loss values based on the Levenberg-Marquardt algorithm. The number of neurons in the hidden layer was varied (1-50) to determine the Artificial Neural Network (ANN) model with the best prediction accuracy. The performance of the ANN models was evaluated based on different metrics: Mean Absolute error (MAE), Mean Squared Error (MSE), Root Mean Squared Error (RMSE), standard deviation, and regression coefficient (R). Results of the machine learning processes show that the FNN architecture adopting a tangent activation function and 48 hidden neurons produced the least prediction error, with MAE, MSE, RMSE, standard deviation, and R values of 4.21 dB, 30.99 dB, 5.56 dB, 5.56 dB, and 0.89, respectively. Regarding generalization ability, the predictions of the optimal ANN model yielded MAE, MSE, RMSE, standard deviation, and R values of 4.74 dB, 39.38 dB, 6.27 dB, 6.27 dB, and 0.86, respectively, when tested with new data not previously included in the training process. Compared to the Hata, COST 231, ECC-33, and Egli models, the developed ANN model performed better in terms of prediction accuracy and generalization ability.This work was supported by Covenant University [grant number CUCRID-SMARTCU-000343].Popoola, SI.; Adetiba, E.; Atayero, AA.; Faruk, N.; Tavares De Araujo Cesariny Calafate, CM. (2018). Optimal Model for Path Loss Predictions using Feed-Forward Neural Networks. 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Applicability evaluation of Okumura, Ericsson 9999 and winner propagation models for coverage planning in 3.5 GHZ WiMAX systems.Erceg, V., Greenstein, L. J., Tjandra, S. Y., Parkoff, S. R., Gupta, A., Kulic, B., … Bianchi, R. (1999). An empirically based path loss model for wireless channels in suburban environments. IEEE Journal on Selected Areas in Communications, 17(7), 1205-1211. doi:10.1109/49.778178Farhoud, M., El-Keyi, A., & Sultan, A. (2013). Empirical correction of the Okumura-Hata model for the 900 MHz band in Egypt. 2013 Third International Conference on Communications and Information Technology (ICCIT). doi:10.1109/iccitechnology.2013.6579585Faruk, N., Adediran, Y. A., & Ayeni, A. A. (2013). Error bounds of empirical path loss models at VHF/UHF bands in Kwara State, Nigeria. Eurocon 2013. doi:10.1109/eurocon.2013.6625043Faruk, N., Ayeni, A., & Adediran, Y. A. (2013). ON THE STUDY OF EMPIRICAL PATH LOSS MODELS FOR ACCURATE PREDICTION OF TV SIGNAL FOR SECONDARY USERS. 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(2017, July 5–7). C-BRIG: A network architecture for real-time information exchange in smart and connected campuses. In Lecture notes in engineering and computer science: Proceedings of the world congress on engineering 2017 (pp. 398–401). London.Medeisis, A., & Kajackas, A. (s. f.). On the use of the universal Okumura-Hata propagation prediction model in rural areas. VTC2000-Spring. 2000 IEEE 51st Vehicular Technology Conference Proceedings (Cat. No.00CH37026). doi:10.1109/vetecs.2000.851585Mohtashami, V., & Shishegar, A. A. (2012). Modified wavefront decomposition method for fast and accurate ray-tracing simulation. IET Microwaves, Antennas & Propagation, 6(3), 295. doi:10.1049/iet-map.2011.0264Nimavat, V. D., & Kulkarni, G. (2012). Simulation and performance evaluation of GSM propagation channel under the urban, suburban and rural environments.Paper presented at the communication, information & computing technology (ICCICT), 2012 international conference on.. O. F. O. (2014). RADIO FREQUENCY OPTIMIZATION OF MOBILE NETWORKS IN ABEOKUTA, NIGERIA FOR IMPROVED QUALITY OF SERVICE. International Journal of Research in Engineering and Technology, 03(08), 174-180. doi:10.15623/ijret.2014.0308027Phillips, C., Sicker, D., & Grunwald, D. (2013). A Survey of Wireless Path Loss Prediction and Coverage Mapping Methods. IEEE Communications Surveys & Tutorials, 15(1), 255-270. doi:10.1109/surv.2012.022412.00172Popoola, S. I., Atayero, A. A., Badejo, J. A., John, T. M., Odukoya, J. A., & Omole, D. O. (2018). Learning analytics for smart campus: Data on academic performances of engineering undergraduates in Nigerian private university. Data in Brief, 17, 76-94. doi:10.1016/j.dib.2017.12.059Popoola, S. I., Atayero, A. A., & Faruk, N. (2018). Received signal strength and local terrain profile data for radio network planning and optimization at GSM frequency bands. Data in Brief, 16, 972-981. doi:10.1016/j.dib.2017.12.036Popoola, S. I., Atayero, A. A., Faruk, N., & Badejo, J. A. (2018). Data on the key performance indicators for quality of service of GSM networks in Nigeria. Data in Brief, 16, 914-928. doi:10.1016/j.dib.2017.12.005Popoola, S. I., Atayero, A. A., Faruk, N., Calafate, C. T., Adetiba, E., & Matthews, V. O. (2017, July 5–7). Calibrating the standard path loss model for urban environments using field measurements and geospatial data.Paper presented at the Lecture notes in engineering and computer science: Proceedings of the world congress on engineering 2017 (pp. 513–518). London.Popoola, S. I., Atayero, A. A., Faruk, N., Calafate, C. T., Olawoyin, L. A., & Matthews, V. O. (2017). Standard propagation model tuning for path loss predictions in built-up environments.Paper presented at the International Conference on Computational Science and Its Applications.Popoola, S. I., Atayero, A. A., Okanlawon, T. T., Omopariola, B. I., & Takpor, O. A. (2018). Smart campus: Data on energy consumption in an ICT-driven university. 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Multifaceted incorporation of Zn-Al2O3/Cr2O3/SiO2 nanocomposite coatings: anti-corrosion, tribological, and thermal stability

Nano-sized particle incorporation into metal matrix has gained worldwide acceptance. Al2O3, Cr2O3, and SiO2 nanoparticles have been co-deposited with Zn using electrodeposition process to produce advanced alloy. The coatings were characterized using SEM/EDX and XRD. The mechanical properties of the coatings were studied using microhardness indenter and dry abrasive wear tester. Zn-10 g/L Cr2O3 nanocomposite exhibited the highest microhardness of 228 HVN; Zn-5 g/L Al2O3 nanocomposite possessed the highest corrosion resistance and lowest wear loss. Zn-5 g/L SiO2 nanocomposite showed good stability against other composite coatings. The incorporation of the Al2O3, Cr2O3, and SiO2 shows grain refinement and modify orientation on Zn matrix

Assessment of mortality rate in tuberculosis / human immunodeficiency virus (HIV) coinfected patient

Prior to the discovery of Human Immunodeficiency Virus (HIV), the pattern of tuberculosis (TB) prevalence witnessed a gradual drawdown and the mode of presentation was usually pulmonary. This study assesses the mortality rates of TB and HIV co-infected patients in a directly observed therapy (DOT) centre in Nigeria. The retrospective study retrieved 18 months of data from 197 patients on the TB register of a centralized DOT centre in the Ogun State, Nigeria. Data collected included age, sex, and HIV status, with TB results obtained from Genexpert. The data obtained from 197 TB patients were analyzed using descriptive statistics and chi-square. Out of the 197 TB patients, 67.0% were males and 33.0% were females. A majority of the patients (41.6%) were within the age category of 43 years and above. This was followed by 35 – 42 years (25.4%) and 27 – 34 years (19.8%), while the lowest proportion of patients (0.5%) falls within the age brackets of 3 - 10 years. Furthermore, 92.9% of the patients were HIV negative. Using Chi-squared test, no significant difference was seen in TB occurrence to sex (p>0.05) while age contribute significantly to mortality. Co-infection of HIV/TB was 7.1% while mortality rate in this group was 28.6%. as observed in the age group 43 and above. Overall, the mortality rate in the TB patients was 2.0%. Results showed that the age was a significant contributor (p<0.05) to HIV TB co-infection among the patients. Age regressed positively with TB infection in the study population. The study concludes that the co-infection of TB and HIV was significantly associated with high mortality

Global occurrence, chemical properties, and ecological impacts of e-wastes (IUPAC technical report)

The waste stream of obsolete electronic equipment grows exponentially, creating a worldwide pollution and resource problem. Electrical and electronic waste (e-waste) comprises a heterogeneous mix of glass, plastics (including flame retardants and other additives), metals (including rare earth elements) and metalloids. The e-waste issue is complex and multi-faceted. In examining the different aspects of e-waste, informal recycling in developing countries has been identified as a primary concern due to widespread illegal shipments, weak environmental as well as health and safety regulations, lack of technology and inadequate waste treatment structure. For example, Nigeria, Ghana, India, Pakistan and China have all been identified as hotspots for the disposal of e-waste. This article presents a critical examination on the chemical nature of e-waste and the resulting environmental impacts on, for example, microbial biodiversity, flora and fauna in e-waste recycling sites around the world. It highlights the different types of risk assessment approaches required when evaluating the ecological impact of e-waste. Additionally, it presents examples of chemistry playing a role in potential solutions. The information presented here will be informative to relevant stakeholders to devise integrated management strategies to tackle this global environmental concern

An International Investigation of Molar Incisor Hypomineralisation (iMIH) and Its Association with Dental Anomalies: Development of a Protocol

Background: Molar incisor hypomineralisation (MIH) is a common disorder of tooth development, which has recently been found to be associated with a higher prevalence of hypodontia. The aim of this international multicentre study is to determine the association between MIH and other developmental anomalies in different populations. Methods: Investigators were trained and calibrated for the assessment of MIH and dental anomalies and ethical approvals obtained in each participating country. The study aimed to recruit 584 children with MIH and 584 children without MIH. Patients aged 7–16 years who attend specialist clinics will be invited to participate. Children will undergo a clinical examination to determine the presence and severity of MIH, using an established index. The presence of any other anomalies, affecting tooth number, morphology, or position, will be documented. Panoramic radiographs will be assessed for dental anomalies and the presence of third permanent molars. Statistical analysis, using a chi squared test and regression analysis, will be performed to determine any differences in dental anomaly prevalence between the MIH and non-MIH group and to determine any association between dental anomalies and patient characteristics. Conclusion: This large-scale study has the potential to improve understanding about MIH with benefits for patient management