239 research outputs found
âThey are doing it because they love itâ: U.S. and English fan perceptions of women footballers as ârole modelsâ
We draw from 102 interviews with American and English adults who attended the 2019 Womenâs World Cup to examine how fans perceive women footballers as ârole modelsâ, with attention to the operations of gender ideology. Despite the recent professionalization and commercialization of womenâs football, there is a dearth of research on fan perspectives of players as role models. Our findings show that most fans perceive role modelling as womenâs accessibility and authenticity in interaction. Fans naturalize womenâs often uncompensated labor as role models through a supposed love for their sport and desire to see its future growth, endorsing a gender essentialist view of women as notably caring and giving in comparison to men. However, a minority of fans embrace a more critical view by identifying role modelling as an expectation placed disproportionately on women within an already unequal resource environment. We conclude that role modelling is a gendered expectation for elite women footballers and that fans can be a source of pressure towards its enactment
Emissions of ultrafine particles from civil aircraft:dependence upon aircraft type and passenger load
Very high concentrations of ultrafine particles (UFP) were measured at Heathrow Airport London. Exposure to UFP is strongly linked to adverse health effects and guidance for exposure limits has recently been provided by the World Health Organization (WHO). Using 1 s resolution UFP measurements and aircraft GPS data, measurements were assigned to individual aircraft and their operating mode, and this information was used to model UFP emission rates. In all cases, the highest emission rates were associated with departing aircraft, with rates for larger aircraft higher than smaller aircraft. Emission rates per passenger is influenced by the number of passengers carried, especially for arriving aircraft. Calculated emission rates are significantly higher than stated literature values, due to the inclusion of condensable particles in the measurements. These condensable particles are specifically not included in the regulated emission rates. Measured UFP concentrations within the airport boundary (and therefore not accessible to the general public) exceed the WHO guidance, indicating that UFP concentrations outside of the airport boundary could also be of concern. Assessing population exposure close to airports will be of increasing importance in future
On the Periphery: Examining Womenâs Exclusion from Core Leadership Roles in the âExtremely Genderedâ Organization of Menâs Club Football in England
This paper frames menâs club football as an âextremely genderedâ organization to explain the underrepresentation of women leaders within the industry. By analyzing womenâs leadership work over a 30-year period, we find that womenâs inclusion has been confined to a limited number of occupational areas. These areas are removed, in terms of influence and proximity, from the male players and the playing of football. These findings reveal a gendered substructure within club football that maintains masculine dominance in core football facing leadership roles and relegates women to a position of peripheral inclusion in leadership roles. Through a discourse analysis of gender pay gap reports, we show that menâs football clubs legitimatize womenâs peripheral inclusion by naturalizing male-dominance at the organizational core. These findings are significant as they demonstrate that menâs football clubs, as masculine conferring organizations, have excluded women from core roles in order to maintain their masculine character while superficially accepting women into roles that do not challenge the association of football with hegemonic masculinity. As such, organizational change may only be possible if women are granted greater access to core organizational roles. This paper offers a new theoretical framework for âextremely genderedâ organizations that can be applied to other sporting and male-dominated contexts to analyze womenâs access to core leadership roles
An institutional analysis of gender (in)equalities, covid-19 and governance of elite womenâs football in Australia, England and the USA
Purpose: Womenâs football faces an existential threat from covid-19. Using case studies, we explore the covid-19 responses of three highly-ranked national football associations (Australia, England, and the USA) and their professional womenâs football leagues to: (a) compare and shed new insights into the wide range of phased responses, and (b) establish recommendations for other nations to navigate major crises with their social and ethical responsibilities to womenâs football. Methodology: Drawing on institutional theory, a framework analysis was undertaken examining 71 articles to analyse the gendered global impacts of covid-19 on womenâs football. Findings: Results highlight several important recommendations for nations to consider during the pandemic: (1) maintain active communication with the community to allay worries about the future of womenâs football, (2) gather support from health and government officials, (3) seek out commercial and broadcasting partnerships to drive revenue, and (4) the interests of womenâs football are best served when responsibility for the elite womenâs league does not rest (solely) with national football associations. Originality: The study is first to explore institutional pressures and football governing bodies during covid-19 and provides a framework for nations to manage major crises. Social implications: We argue sport is an interwoven part of society and cannot be separated from gender equality issues irrespective of the pandemic
Preventing overweight and obesity in young children: synthesising the evidence for management and policy making
Today, 3.24 million Australians are estimated to be obese. Without effective preventative programs, particularly among young children, this figure could rise to 7.2 million by 2025. This review provides practical information on successful and/or promising interventions that strengthen the primary health care response, through the promotion of healthy weight among young children aged two to six years. It reviews the policy implications of implementing these in different settings.The research reported in this paper is a project of the Australian Primary Health Care Research Institute, which is supported by a grant from the Australian Government Department of Health and Ageing under the Primary Health Care Research, Evaluation and Development Strategy
The Spectral Energy Distribution and Infrared Luminosities of z â 2 Dust-obscured Galaxies from Herschel and Spitzer
Dust-obscured galaxies (DOGs) are a subset of high-redshift (z â 2) optically-faint ultra-luminous infrared galaxies (ULIRGs, e.g., L_(IR) > 10^(12) L_â). We present new far-infrared photometry, at 250, 350, and 500 ÎŒm (observed-frame), from the Herschel Space Telescope for a large sample of 113 DOGs with spectroscopically measured redshifts. Approximately 60% of the sample are detected in the far-IR. The Herschel photometry allows the first robust determinations of the total infrared luminosities of a large sample of DOGs, confirming their high IR luminosities, which range from 10^(11.6) L_â 10^(13) L_â. The rest-frame near-IR (1-3 ÎŒm) spectral energy distributions (SEDs) of the Herschel-detected DOGs are predictors of their SEDs at longer wavelengths. DOGs with "power-law" SEDs in the rest-frame near-IR show observed-frame 250/24 ÎŒm flux density ratios similar to the QSO-like local ULIRG, Mrk 231. DOGs with a stellar "bump" in their rest-frame near-IR show observed-frame 250/24 ÎŒm flux density ratios similar to local star-bursting ULIRGs like NGC 6240. None show 250/24 ÎŒm flux density ratios similar to extreme local ULIRG, Arp 220; though three show 350/24 ÎŒm flux density ratios similar to Arp 220. For the Herschel-detected DOGs, accurate estimates (within ~25%) of total IR luminosity can be predicted from their rest-frame mid-IR data alone (e.g., from Spitzer observed-frame 24 ÎŒm luminosities). Herschel-detected DOGs tend to have a high ratio of infrared luminosity to rest-frame 8 ÎŒm luminosity (the IR8 = L_(IR)(8-1000 ÎŒm)/ÎœL_Îœ(8 ÎŒm) parameter of Elbaz et al.). Instead of lying on the z = 1-2 "infrared main sequence" of star-forming galaxies (like typical LIRGs and ULIRGs at those epochs) the DOGs, especially large fractions of the bump sources, tend to lie in the starburst sequence. While, Herschel-detected DOGs are similar to scaled up versions of local ULIRGs in terms of 250/24 ÎŒm flux density ratio, and IR8, they tend to have cooler far-IR dust temperatures (20-40 K for DOGs versus 40-50 K for local ULIRGs) as measured by the rest-frame 80/115 ÎŒm flux density ratios (e.g., observed-frame 250/350 ÎŒm ratios at z = 2). DOGs that are not detected by Herschel appear to have lower observed-frame 250/24 ÎŒm ratios than the detected sample, either because of warmer dust temperatures, lower IR luminosities, or both
CO J=2-1 line emission in cluster galaxies at z~1: fueling star formation in dense environments
We present observations of CO J=2-1 line emission in infrared-luminous
cluster galaxies at z~1 using the IRAM Plateau de Bure Interferometer. Our two
primary targets are optically faint, dust-obscured galaxies (DOGs) found to lie
within 2 Mpc of the centers of two massive (>10^14 Msun) galaxy clusters. CO
line emission is not detected in either DOG. We calculate 3-sigma upper limits
to the CO J=2-1 line luminosities, L'_CO < 6.08x10^9 and < 6.63x10^9 K km/s
pc^2. Assuming a CO-to-H_2 conversion factor derived for ultraluminous infrared
galaxies in the local Universe, this translates to limits on the cold molecular
gas mass of M_H_2 < 4.86x10^9 Msun and M_H_2 < 5.30x10^9 Msun. Both DOGs
exhibit mid-infrared continuum emission that follows a power-law, suggesting
that an AGN contributes to the dust heating. As such, estimates of the star
formation efficiencies in these DOGs are uncertain. A third cluster member with
an infrared luminosity, L_IR < 7.4x10^11 Lsun, is serendipitously detected in
CO J=2-1 line emission in the field of one of the DOGs located roughly two
virial radii away from the cluster center. The optical spectrum of this object
suggests that it is likely an obscured AGN, and the measured CO line luminosity
is L'_CO = (1.94 +/- 0.35)x10^10 K km/s pc^2, which leads to an estimated cold
molecular gas mass M_H_2 = (1.55+/-0.28)x10^10 Msun. A significant reservoir of
molecular gas in a z~1 galaxy located away from the cluster center demonstrates
that the fuel can exist to drive an increase in star-formation and AGN activity
at the outskirts of high-redshift clusters.Comment: 22 pages, 4 figures; accepted for publication in Ap
Chromophore-labelled, luminescent platinum complexes: syntheses, structures, and spectroscopic properties
Ligands based upon 4-carboxamide-2-phenylquinoline derivatives have been synthesised with solubilising octyl hydrocarbon chains and tethered aromatic chromophores to give naphthyl (HL2), anthracenyl (HL3) and pyrenyl (HL4) ligand variants, together with a non-chromophoric analogue (HL1) for comparison. 1H NMR spectroscopic studies of the ligands showed that two non-interchangeable isomers exist for HL2 and HL4 while only one isomer exists for HL1 and HL3. Supporting DFT calculations on HL4 suggest that the two isomers may be closely isoenergetic with a relatively high barrier to exchange of ca. 100 kJ molâ1. These new ligands were cyclometalated with Pt(II) to give complexes [Pt(L1â4)(acac)] (acac = acetylacetonate). The spectroscopically characterised complexes were studied using multinuclear NMR spectroscopy including 195Pt{1H} NMR studies which revealed ÎŽPt ca. â2785 ppm for [Pt(L1â4)(acac)]. X-ray crystallographic studies were undertaken on [Pt(L3)(acac)] and [Pt(L4)(acac)], each showing the weakly distorted square planar geometry at Pt(II); the structure of [Pt(L3)(acac)] showed evidence for intermolecular PtâPt interactions. The UV-vis. absorption studies show that the spectral profiles for [Pt(L2â4)(acac)] are a composite of the organic chromophore centred bands and a broad 1MLCT (5d â Ï*) band (ca. 440 nm) associated with the complex. Luminescence studies showed that complexes [Pt(L2â4)(acac)] are dual emissive with fluorescence characteristic of the tethered fluorophore and long-lived phosphorescence attributed to 3MLCT emission. In the case of the pyrenyl derivative, [Pt(L4)(acac)], the close energetic matching of the 3MLCT and 3LCpyr excited states led to an elongation of the 3MLCT emission lifetime (Ï = 42 ÎŒs) under degassed solvent conditions, suggestive of energy transfer processes between the two states
Star Formation and AGN Activity in Galaxy Clusters from : a Multi-wavelength Analysis Featuring /PACS
We present a detailed, multi-wavelength study of star formation (SF) and AGN
activity in 11 near-infrared (IR) selected, spectroscopically confirmed,
massive () galaxy clusters at . Using
new, deep /PACS imaging, we characterize the optical to far-IR
spectral energy distributions (SEDs) for IR-luminous cluster galaxies, finding
that they can, on average, be well described by field galaxy templates.
Identification and decomposition of AGN through SED fittings allows us to
include the contribution to cluster SF from AGN host galaxies. We quantify the
star-forming fraction, dust-obscured SF rates (SFRs), and specific-SFRs for
cluster galaxies as a function of cluster-centric radius and redshift. In good
agreement with previous studies, we find that SF in cluster galaxies at
is largely consistent with field galaxies at similar epochs,
indicating an era before significant quenching in the cluster cores
(Mpc). This is followed by a transition to lower SF activity as
environmental quenching dominates by . Enhanced SFRs are found in lower
mass () cluster galaxies. We
find significant variation in SF from cluster-to-cluster within our uniformly
selected sample, indicating that caution should be taken when evaluating
individual clusters. We examine AGN in clusters from , finding an
excess AGN fraction at , suggesting environmental triggering of AGN
during this epoch. We argue that our results a transition from field-like
to quenched SF, enhanced SF in lower mass galaxies in the cluster cores, and
excess AGN are consistent with a co-evolution between SF and AGN in
clusters and an increased merger rate in massive haloes at high redshift.Comment: 26 pages, 14 figures, 6 tables with appendix, accepted for
publication in the Astrophysical Journa
Submm/mm Galaxy Counterpart Identification Using a Characteristic Density Distribution
We present a new submm/mm galaxy counterpart identification technique which
builds on the use of Spitzer IRAC colors as discriminators between likely
counterparts and the general IRAC galaxy population. Using 102 radio- and
SMA-confirmed counterparts to AzTEC sources across three fields (GOODS-N,
GOODS-S, and COSMOS), we develop a non-parametric IRAC color-color
characteristic density distribution (CDD), which, when combined with positional
uncertainty information via likelihood ratios, allows us to rank all potential
IRAC counterparts around SMGs and calculate the significance of each ranking
via the reliability factor. We report all robust and tentative radio
counterparts to SMGs, the first such list available for AzTEC/COSMOS, as well
as the highest ranked IRAC counterparts for all AzTEC SMGs in these fields as
determined by our technique. We demonstrate that the technique is free of radio
bias and thus applicable regardless of radio detections. For observations made
with a moderate beamsize (~18"), this technique identifies ~85 per cent of SMG
counterparts. For much larger beamsizes (>30"), we report identification rates
of 33-49 per cent. Using simulations, we demonstrate that this technique is an
improvement over using positional information alone for observations with
facilities such as AzTEC on the LMT and SCUBA-2 on JCMT.Comment: 30 pages, 9 figures, 5 tables. Accepted for publication in MNRA
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