Ultrasonic roll bite measurements in cold rolling – Roll stress and deformation

In cold rolling of thin metal strip, contact conditions between the work rolls and the strip are of great importance: roll deformations and their effect on strip thickness variation may lead to strip flatness defects and thickness inhomogeneity. To control the process, several online measurements are usually carried out such as the rolling load, forward slip and strip tensions at each stand. Shape defects of the strip are usually evaluated after the last stand of a rolling mill thanks to a flatness measuring roll. However, none of these measurements is made within the roll bite itself due to the harsh conditions taking place in that area. This paper presents a sensor capable of monitoring roll deformations as well as roll radial stresses in situ and in real time. The sensor emits ultrasonic pulses that reflect from the roll surface. The time-of-flight (ToF) of the pulses is recorded during the testing. The sensor system was incorporated into a work roll and tested on a pilot rolling mill. Measurements were taken as steel strips were rolled under different strip elongation. Roll deformation and radial stresses obtained from the experimental data are in good agreement with numerical results computed with a cold rolling model developed in non-linear Finite Element software

An enhanced version of a bone remodelling model based on the continuum damage mechanics theory.

The purpose of this work is to propose an enhancement of Doblaré and García's internal bone remodelling model based on the continuum damage mechanics theory. In their paper, they stated that the evolution of the internal variables of the bone microstructure, and its incidence on the modification of the elastic constitutive parameters, may be formulated following the principles of Continuum Damage Mechanics, although no actual damage was considered. The resorption and apposition criteria (similar to the damage criterion) were expressed in terms of a mechanical stimulus. However, the resorption criterion is lacking a dimensional consistency with the remodelling rate. We here propose an enhancement to this resorption criterion, insuring the dimensional consistency while retaining the physical properties of the original remodelling model. We then analyse the change in the resorption criterion hypersurface in the stress space for a 2D analysis. We finally apply the new formulation to analyse the structural evolution of a 2D femur. This analysis gives results consistent with the original model but with a faster and more stable convergence rate

Isotropic continuum damage/repair model for alveolar bone remodelling

Several authors have proposed mechanical models to predict long term tooth movement, considering both the tooth and its surrounding bone tissue as isotropic linear elastic materials coupled to either an adaptative elasticity behavior or an update of the elasticity constants with density evolution. However, tooth movements obtained through orthodontic appliances result from a complex biochemical process of bone structure and density adaptation to its mechanical environment, called bone remodeling. This process is far from linear reversible elasticity. It leads to permanent deformations due to biochemical actions. The proposed biomechanical constitutive law, inspired from Doblaré and García (2002) [30], is based on a elasto-viscoplastic material coupled with Continuum isotropic Damage Mechanics (Doblaré and García (2002) [30] considered only the case of a linear elastic material coupled with damage). The considered damage variable is not actual damage of the tissue but a measure of bone density. The damage evolution law therefore implies a density evolution. It is here formulated as to be used explicitly for alveolar bone, whose remodeling cells are considered to be triggered by the pressure state applied to the bone matrix. A 2D model of a tooth submitted to a tipping movement, is presented. Results show a reliable qualitative prediction of bone density variation around a tooth submitted to orthodontic forces

Influence of friction in material characterization in micro-indentation measurement

A comprehensive computational study is undertaken to identify the influence of friction in material characterization by indentation measurement based on elasto- plastic solids. The impacts of friction on load versus indentation depth curve, and the values of calculated hardness and Young's modulus in conical and spherical indentations are shown in this paper. The results clearly demonstrate that, for some elasto-plastic materials, the curves of load versus indentation depth obtained either by spherical or conical indenters with different friction coefficients, cannot be distinguished. However, if utilizing the parameter (see text for details), to quantify the deformation of piling-up or sinking-in, it is easy to find that the influence of friction on piling-up or sinking-in in indentation is significant. Therefore, the material parameters which are related to the projected area will also have a large error caused by the influence of friction. The maximum differences on hardness and Young's modulus can reach 14.59% and 6.78%, respectively, for some elastic materials shown in this paper. These results do not agree with those from researchers who stated that the instrumented indentation experiments are not significantly affected by friction