50 research outputs found
Polyacrylamide Gel Electrophoresis an Important Tool for the Detection and Analysis of Enzymatic Activities by Electrophoretic Zymograms
ANTI-INFLAMMATORY ACTIVITY OF MANILKARA ZAPOTA LEAF EXTRACT
Objective: Manilkara zapota is a medicinal plant which is native to Mexico and Central America, and widely distributed in India. Various parts of this plant are traditionally used for treatment of several diseases, including inflammation-associated ailments. The main aim of the present study is to evaluate the anti-inflammatory potential of ethyl acetate and methanolic extracts of M. zapota leaf.Methods: In vitro secretary phospholipase A2 (PLA2) and 5-Lipoxygenase (5-LOX) assays and In vivo studies using carrageenan induced rat paw edema model were performed to assess the anti-inflammatory activity of M. zapota leaf extracts.Results: In vitro studies suggest that M. zapota leaf extracts exhibited significant SPLA2 and 5-LOX inhibitory activities. In in vivo studies M. zapota leaf extracts showed dose dependent inhibition of carrageenan induced paw edema in rats. The anti-inflammatory activity of ethyl acetate leaf extract was superior to methanolic extract.Conclusion: This study concluded that ethyl acetate leaf extract of M. zapotaexhibited significant anti-inflammatory activity and warranted further investigation to isolate and identify the components.Â
Impactos ambientales de biorrefinería integrada con etapa de sacarificación ácida
El objetivo de este trabajo fue evaluar los impactos ambientales producidos en una biorrefinería que procesa la fracción orgánica de residuos sólidos urbanos para la obtención de bioenergías y productos de valor agregado tales como concentrado de ácidos orgánicos y solventes, concentrado de enzimas celulolíticas y xilanolíticas conocida como HMZS. Se utilizó la técnica de Análisis de Ciclo de Vida. La etapa S de sacarificación consistió en la hidrólisis ácida de residuos donde se desdobla los polisacáridos a azúcares reductores dando licores hidrolizados (HL). Se encontró que el uso de carbón activado en la detoxificación de los HL de la sacarificación contribuyó notablemente a los impactos ambientales. A su vez, esos impactos se relacionaron también con la minería de carbón y su procesamiento para convertirlo en carbón activado. Desde el punto de vista energético global, la biorrefinería resultó deficitaria en carga térmica y productora neta de energía eléctrica.The objective of this work was to evaluate the environmental impacts of a biorefinery that processes the organic fraction of municipal solid waste. The biorefinery is known as HMZS. This is crucial because it can produce bioenergy’s and value-added products such as organic acids, solvents, cellulolytic, and xylanolytic enzymes. The Life Cycle Analysis technique was used. Stage S consisted of acid hydrolysis of residues where the polysaccharides are splitted into reducing sugars giving hydrolyzed liquors (HL). It was found that the use of activated carbon in the detoxification of HL contributed significantly to environmental impacts. In turn, these impacts were also related to coal mining and its processing into activated carbon. From the overall energy point of view, the biorefinery was found to be deficient in thermal load and net producer of electrical energy
Kex2 protease converts the endoplasmic reticulum α1,2-mannosidase of Candida albicans into a soluble cytosolic form
Cytosolic α-mannosidases are glycosyl hydrolases that participate in the catabolism of cytosolic free N-oligosaccharides. Two soluble α-mannosidases (E-I and E-II) belonging to glycosyl hydrolases family 47 have been described in Candida albicans. We demonstrate that addition of pepstatin A during the preparation of cell homogenates enriched α-mannosidase E-I at the expense of E-II, indicating that the latter is generated by proteolysis during cell disruption. E-I corresponded to a polypeptide of 52 kDa that was associated with mannosidase activity and was recognized by an anti-α1,2-mannosidase antibody. The N-mannan core trimming properties of the purified enzyme E-I were consistent with its classification as a family 47 α1,2-mannosidase. Differential density-gradient centrifugation of homogenates revealed that α1,2-mannosidase E-I was localized to the cytosolic fraction and Golgi-derived vesicles, and that a 65 kDa membrane-bound α1,2-mannosidase was present in endoplasmic reticulum and Golgi-derived vesicles. Distribution of α-mannosidase activity in a kex2Δ null mutant or in wild-type protoplasts treated with monensin demonstrated that the membrane-bound α1,2-mannosidase is processed by Kex2 protease into E-I, recognizing an atypical cleavage site of the precursor. Analysis of cytosolic free N-oligosaccharides revealed that cytosolic α1,2-mannosidase E-I trims free Man8GlcNAc2 isomer B into Man7GlcNAc2 isomer B. This is believed to be the first report demonstrating the presence of soluble α1,2-mannosidase from the glycosyl hydrolases family 47 in a cytosolic compartment of the cell
Innovación del Diseño para el Desarrollo Social
Una labor de síntesis alrededor de la gran temática de este
libro que surge a partir de una serie de reflexiones y propuestas
encaminadas desde la innovación del diseño para
el desarrollo social, refleja una invitación al lector para
enunciar a partir de su lectura nuevas discusiones sobre el
quehacer del diseño con una perspectiva de innovación
para este tipo de desarrollo, es pues este texto una invitación
a enunciar nuevos retos y diálogos partiendo de reconocer
al desarrollo social como uno de los pilares fundamentales
desde la Organización de las Naciones Unidas
(ONU) como parte fundamental para garantizar el mejoramiento
de la vida de las personas. Desde la disciplina del
diseño y retomado como eje para su discusión se pretendería
establecer una serie de reflexiones y acciones que
permitan atender situaciones para grupos minoritarios y
vulnerables, así como apoyar esfuerzos encaminados a
mejorar la calidad de vida de los integrantes de grupos y
sociedades establecidas y recuperar el patrimonio cultural
como parte fundamental de las identidades culturales y
por tanto de la historia de la humanidad.A lo largo de la historia, el diseño, en cualquiera de sus
manifestaciones, ha estado presente en todos los ámbitos.
Se ha convertido en una disciplina que evoluciona al ritmo
de las sociedades, que se pone al servicio de las necesidades
de mercado pero también de las que requieren un
abordaje distinto, observadas desde una mirada que concierne
a lo social, entendido éste como lo que se reproduce
o se instaura en el colectivo, en el grupo, en las comunidades,
en las sociedades como parte significativa de sus
cotidianeidades. El Diseño desde esta perspectiva acompaña
al ser humano produciendo una significación de los
objetos como parte fundamental de sus vidas, que transforma
una realidad deseada en una realidad concreta, de
aquí la importancia de crear una conciencia social para la
praxis laboral de esta disciplina. En este sentido el campo
profesional, académico y de investigación del diseño debe
ocuparse de crear, difundir y divulgar el quehacer de la
misma, manifestando un equilibrio entre conciencia, racionalidad
y la realidad.
Desde el contexto planteado, la Universidad Autónoma
del Estado de México, a través de su Facultad de Arquitectura
y Diseño presenta en esta obra una serie de reflexiones
en torno al papel que desempeña el diseño humanístico,
científico y tecnológico desde un enfoque de vanguardia
e innovación para el desarrollo social, como resultado de la
experiencia vertida en el Coloquio Internacional de Diseño
que organiza éste año este espacio académico, en donde
cada una de las aportaciones refleja la experiencia de cada
uno de sus participantes; con base en ello, el presente libro
integrado por una compilación de trabajos ofrece descripciones,
análisis y propuestas que contribuyen a la solución
de problemas procurando un desarrollo social
CARACTERIZACIÓN MOLECULAR DE AISLADOS DE Sclerotium cepivorum MEDIANTE ANÁLISIS DEL POLIMORFISMO DE LOS FRAGMENTOS AMPLIFICADOS AL AZAR CARACTERIZACIÓN MOLECULAR DE AISLADOS DE Sclerotium cepivorum MEDIANTE ANÁLISIS DEL POLIMORFISMO DE LOS FRAGMENTOS AMPLIFICADOS AL AZAR
Sclerotium cepivorum is the etiologic agent of garlic "white rot". Knowledge of genetic variability of the fungus may help to design efficient strategies for its control. For this study, 47 isolates obtained from Aguascalientes, Guanajuato and Zacatecas as well as 7 reference strains were used. Morphological characterization was that established for this organism. PCR amplification of ribosomal 18S gene generated a DNA fragment of a size close to 2.2 Kb in all isolates and reference strains, as compared to that of 1.8 Kb amplified in control fungi. Variability was analyzed by Random Amplified Polymorphism Distance (RAPD). Isolates exhibited a similar gene pattern with an average dissimilitud of 9.4%. Some of the bands identified here can be useful as molecular markers in identification studies of this plant pathogen. Dendogram analysis of data revealed a tendency of isolates to group according to their geographic procedence.Sclerotium cepivorum es el agente causal de la "pudrición blanca" del ajo. El conocer su variabilidad genética permitirá buscar estrategias de control mas eficientes. Se utilizaron 47 aislados de S. cepivorum provenientes de Aguascalientes, Guanajuato, Zacatecas y 7 cepas de referencia. El análisis morfológico correspondió al establecido para este hongo. Se amplificó el gen ribosomal 18S dando un tamaño cercano a 2.2 kb en todos los aislados y cepas de S. cepivorum, en los hongos control fue de aproximadamente 18 kb. El grado de variabilidad se analizó por medio del Polimorfismo de los Fragmentos Amplificados al Azar (RAPD). Los aislados de S. cepivorum dieron un patrón génico similar, pero muy diferente al que muestran los otros hongos fitopatógenos. La disimilitud genética promedio fue de 9.4%. Se proponen algunas bandas como marcadores moleculares para identificar al fitopatógeno. En el dendograma se aprecia que hay tendencia de los aislados a agruparse según el estado de donde provienen.</p
Glyceraldehyde-3-phosphate dehydrogenase expression in Trichoderma harzianum is repressed during conidiation and mycoparasitism
Enzymatic hydrolysis at high-solids loadings for the conversion of agave bagasse to fuel ethanol
Agave bagasse is the lignocellulosic residue accumulated during the production of alcoholic beverages in Mexico and is a potential feedstock for the production of biofuels. A factorial design was used to investigate the effect of temperature, residence time and concentrations of acid and ethanol on ethanosolv pretreatment and enzymatic hydrolysis of agave bagasse. This method and the use of a stirred in-house-made mini-reactor increased the digestibility of agave bagasse from 30% observed with the dilute-acid method to 98%; also allowed reducing the quantity of enzymes used to hydrolyze samples with solid loadings of 30%. w/w and glucose concentrations up to 225. g/L were obtained in the enzymatic hydrolysates. Overall this process allows the recovery of 91% of the total fermentable sugars contained in the agave bagasse (0.51. g/g) and 69% of total lignin as co-product (0.11. g/g). The maximum ethanol yield under optimal conditions using an industrial yeast strain for the fermentation was 0.25. g/g of dry agave bagasse, which is 86% of the maximum theoretical (0.29. g/g). The effect of the glucose concentration and solid loading on the conversion of cellulose to glucose is discussed, in addition to prospective production of about 50. million liters of fuel ethanol using agave bagasse residues from the tequila industry as a potential solution to the disposal problems
Induction of xylanase and βxylosidase in Cellulomonas flavigena growing on different carbon sources
Heterologous expression and biochemical characterization of an 1,2-mannosidase encoded by the Candida albicans MNS1 gene
Protein glycosylation pathways, commonly found in fungal pathogens,
offer an attractive new area of study for the discovery of antifungal
targets. In particular, these post-translational modifications are
required for virulence and proper cell wall assembly in Candida
albicans , an opportunistic human pathogen. The C. albicans MNS1 gene
is predicted to encode a member of the glycosyl hydrolase family 47,
with 1,2-mannosidase activity. In order to characterise its activity,
we first cloned the C. albicans MNS1 gene into Escherichia coli, then
expressed and purified the enzyme. The recombinant Mns1 was capable of
converting a Man9GlcNAc2 N-glycan core into Man8GlcNAc2 isomer B, but
failed to process a Man5GlcNAc2-Asn N-oligosaccharide. These properties
are similar to those displayed by Mns1 purified from C.
albicansmembranes and strongly suggest that the enzyme is an
α1,2-mannosidase that is localised to the endoplasmic reticulum
and involved in the processing of N-linked mannans. Polyclonal
antibodies specifically raised against recombinant Mns1 also
immunoreacted with the soluble α1,2-mannosidases E-I and E-II,
indicating that Mns1 could share structural similarities with both
soluble enzymes. Due to the high degree of similarity between the
members of family 47, it is conceivable that these antibodies may
recognise α1,2-mannosidases in other biological systems as well