Diseño de un método molecular para la identificación específica de Klebsiella pneumoniae a nivel de subespecie, usando el gen que codifica para la subunidad ribosomal 16S

Introducción: El rinoescleroma es causado por Klebsiella pneumoniae rhinoscleromatis y la ocena por Klebsiella pneumoniae ozaenae respectivamente. Estas infecciones se presentan sobre todo en el tracto respiratorio superior y tienen una sintomatología inespecífica en sus fases iniciales por lo cual se pueden confundir con el catarro común. Las dificultades de establecer un diagnóstico oportuno tienen repercusiones negativas en la terapia antimicrobiana, porque puede no ser efectiva y hacer que la enfermedad evolucione a una fase crónica cuyo seguimiento puede implicar muchos años. Objetivo: Diseñar un ensayo molecular para la identificación a nivel de subespecie de bacterias del género Klebsiella basado en restricción de amplicones del gen que codifica para la subunidad ribosomal 16S (ADNr 16S). Metodología: Se generaron patrones de restricción específicos, utilizando secuencias informadas del gen ADNr 16S y los programas bioinformáticos MACAW, PFE, GENEDOC y GENE RUNNER. Se estandarizaron las condiciones para la amplificación y restricción para el ensayo experimental. Resultados: Las predicciones in silico permitieron proponer un algoritmo para la identificación a nivel de especie y subespecie de las especies del género Klebsiella. Se incluyeron dos cepas de referencia y dos aislados clínicos, que se biotipificaron e identificaron por el método propuesto; los patrones de restricción obtenidos del gen ADNr 16S evidenciaron diferencias con respecto a la especie inicialmente identificada por métodos convencionales. Además se encontraron dos patrones de bandas en Klebsiella pneumoniae rhinoscleromatis, indicando la presencia de polimorfismos en el gen ADNr 16S para esta subespecie. Conclusiones: Se confirmó la dificultad para identificar Klebsiella pneumoniae a nivel de subespecie por métodos convencionales. La implementación de esta técnica podría permitir la diferenciación temprana entre Klebsiella pneumoniae ozaenae y Klebsiella pneumoniae rhinoscleromatis que causan dos infecciones tratadas por lo general de forma empírica y como consecuencia de esto, la terapia antimicrobiana suele no ser efectiva, en especial en pacientes crónicos. Se requiere ampliar los estudios con un número mayor de cepas de referencia y aislados clínicos.Introduction: Rhinoscleroma is caused by Klebsiella pneumoniae rhinoscleromatis and the ozena infections caused by K. pneumoniae ozaenae, both infections affect the upper respiratory tract. In the first clinical phases the symptoms are unspecific, and the disease can be misdiagnosed as a common cold, therefore antimicrobial therapy cannot reach effective results and patients must be following up for several years since the infection became chronic. Objective: To identify Klebsiella subspecies using a specific assay based on amplicons restriction of a gene which encodes 16S subunit ribosomal (rDNA16S). Methodology: Specific restriction patterns were generated; using reported sequences from rDNA16S gene and bioinformatics programs MACAW, PFE, GENEDOC and GENE RUNNER. Amplification and restriction assays were standardized. Results: Predictions in silico allowed to propose an algorithm for Klebsiella species and subspecies identification. Two reference strains were included and two clinical isolates which were biotyped and identified by the proposed method. rDNA16S gene restriction patterns showed differences regarding the initially identified species for conventional methods. Additionally two patterns of bands were observed for K. pneumoniae rhinoscleromatis, indicating the polymorphisms presence in the rDNA16S gene. Conclusions: It was confirmed the difficulty to identify K. pneumoniae subspecies by conventional methods. Implementation of this technique could allow an accurate and rapid differentiation among K. pneumoniae ozaenae and K. pneumoniae rhinoscleromatis aetiological agents of two frequently misdiagnosed infections. Antimicrobial therapy usually could be ineffective, especially in chronic patients. Finally it is considered very important to enlarge the study by using more clinical and reference strains. © 2009 Universidad del Valle, Facultad de Salud

Diseño de un método molecular para la identificación específica de Klebsiella pneumoniae a nivel de subespecie, usando el gen que codifica para la subunidad ribosomal 16S

Introducción: El rinoescleroma es causado por Klebsiella pneumoniae rhinoscleromatis y la ocena por Klebsiella pneumoniae ozaenae respectivamente. Estas infecciones se presentan sobre todo en el tracto respiratorio superior y tienen una sintomatología inespecífica en sus fases iniciales por lo cual se pueden confundir con el catarro común. Las dificultades de establecer un diagnóstico oportuno tienen repercusiones negativas en la terapia antimicrobiana, porque puede no ser efectiva y hacer que la enfermedad evolucione a una fase crónica cuyo seguimiento puede implicar muchos años. Objetivo: Diseñar un ensayo molecular para la identificación a nivel de subespecie de bacterias del género Klebsiella basado en restricción de amplicones del gen que codifica para la subunidad ribosomal 16S (ADNr 16S). Metodología: Se generaron patrones de restricción específicos, utilizando secuencias informadas del gen ADNr 16S y los programas bioinformáticos MACAW, PFE, GENEDOC y GENE RUNNER. Se estandarizaron las condiciones para la amplificación y restricción para el ensayo experimental. Resultados: Las predicciones in silico permitieron proponer un algoritmo para la identificación a nivel de especie y subespecie de las especies del género Klebsiella. Se incluyeron dos cepas de referencia y dos aislados clínicos, que se biotipificaron e identificaron por el método propuesto; los patrones de restricción obtenidos del gen ADNr 16S evidenciaron diferencias con respecto a la especie inicialmente identificada por métodos convencionales. Además se encontraron dos patrones de bandas en Klebsiella pneumoniae rhinoscleromatis, indicando la presencia de polimorfismos en el gen ADNr 16S para esta subespecie. Conclusiones: Se confirmó la dificultad para identificar Klebsiella pneumoniae a nivel de subespecie por métodos convencionales. La implementación de esta técnica podría permitir la diferenciación temprana entre Klebsiella pneumoniae ozaenae y Klebsiella pneumoniae rhinoscleromatis que causan dos infecciones tratadas por lo general de forma empírica y como consecuencia de esto, la terapia antimicrobiana suele no ser efectiva, en especial en pacientes crónicos. Se requiere ampliar los estudios con un número mayor de cepas de referencia y aislados clínicos.Introduction: Rhinoscleroma is caused by Klebsiella pneumoniae rhinoscleromatis and the ozena infections caused by K. pneumoniae ozaenae, both infections affect the upper respiratory tract. In the first clinical phases the symptoms are unspecific, and the disease can be misdiagnosed as a common cold, therefore antimicrobial therapy cannot reach effective results and patients must be following up for several years since the infection became chronic. Objective: To identify Klebsiella subspecies using a specific assay based on amplicons restriction of a gene which encodes 16S subunit ribosomal (rDNA16S). Methodology: Specific restriction patterns were generated; using reported sequences from rDNA16S gene and bioinformatics programs MACAW, PFE, GENEDOC and GENE RUNNER. Amplification and restriction assays were standardized. Results: Predictions in silico allowed to propose an algorithm for Klebsiella species and subspecies identification. Two reference strains were included and two clinical isolates which were biotyped and identified by the proposed method. rDNA16S gene restriction patterns showed differences regarding the initially identified species for conventional methods. Additionally two patterns of bands were observed for K. pneumoniae rhinoscleromatis, indicating the polymorphisms presence in the rDNA16S gene. Conclusions: It was confirmed the difficulty to identify K. pneumoniae subspecies by conventional methods. Implementation of this technique could allow an accurate and rapid differentiation among K. pneumoniae ozaenae and K. pneumoniae rhinoscleromatis aetiological agents of two frequently misdiagnosed infections. Antimicrobial therapy usually could be ineffective, especially in chronic patients. Finally it is considered very important to enlarge the study by using more clinical and reference strains. © 2009 Universidad del Valle, Facultad de Salud

The principal conductance in Giardia lamblia trophozoites possesses functional properties similar to the mammalian ClC-2 current

The human intestinal pathogen Giardia lamblia is a flagellated unicellular protozoan with pronounced medical and biological relevance. However, the basic physiology of Giardia trophozoites has been sparsely studied, especially the electrical and ionic properties of their cellular membrane which are virtually unknown. In this study, we were able to record and characterize the macroscopic ionic currents of Giardia trophozoite membrane by electrophysiological methods of the patch clamp technique. Giardia trophozoites showed a high current density (∼600 pA/pF at -140 mV) that was activated upon hyperpolarization. This current was carried by a chloride-selective channel (I Cl-G) and it was the most important determinant of the membrane potential in Giardia trophozoites. Moreover, this conductance was able to carry other halide anions and the sequence of permeability was Br->Cl-≈I -≫F-. Besides the voltage-dependent inward-rectifying nature of I Cl-G, its activation and deactivation kinetics were comparable to those observed in ClC-2 channels. Extracellular pH modified the voltage-dependent properties of I Cl-G, shifting the activation curve from a V 1/2=-79±1 mV (pH 7.4) to -93±2 mV (pH 8.4) and -112±2 mV (pH 5.4). Furthermore, the maximal amplitude of I Cl-G measured at -100 mV showed dependence to external pH in a bell-shaped fashion reported only for ClC-2 channels. Therefore, our results suggest that I Cl-G possesses several functional properties similar to the mammalian ClC-2 channels. © 2013 Springer-Verlag

The product of triglycerides and glucose, a simple measure of insulin sensitivity. Comparison with the euglycemic-hyperinsulinemic clamp

The human intestinal pathogen Giardia lamblia is a flagellated unicellular protozoan with pronounced medical and biological relevance. However, the basic physiology of Giardia trophozoites has been sparsely studied, especially the electrical and ionic properties of their cellular membrane which are virtually unknown. In this study, we were able to record and characterize the macroscopic ionic currents of Giardia trophozoite membrane by electrophysiological methods of the patch clamp technique. Giardia trophozoites showed a high current density (?600 pA/pF at -140 mV) that was activated upon hyperpolarization. This current was carried by a chloride-selective channel (I Cl-G) and it was the most important determinant of the membrane potential in Giardia trophozoites. Moreover, this conductance was able to carry other halide anions and the sequence of permeability was Br->Cl-?I -?F-. Besides the voltage-dependent inward-rectifying nature of I Cl-G, its activation and deactivation kinetics were comparable to those observed in ClC-2 channels. Extracellular pH modified the voltage-dependent properties of I Cl-G, shifting the activation curve from a V 1/2=-79 1 mV (pH 7.4) to -93 2 mV (pH 8.4) and -112 2 mV (pH 5.4). Furthermore, the maximal amplitude of I Cl-G measured at -100 mV showed dependence to external pH in a bell-shaped fashion reported only for ClC-2 channels. Therefore, our results suggest that I Cl-G possesses several functional properties similar to the mammalian ClC-2 channels. " 2013 Springer-Verlag.",,,,,,"10.1007/s00424-013-1350-9",,,"http://hdl.handle.net/20.500.12104/45245","http://www.scopus.com/inward/record.url?eid=2-s2.0-84901945331&partnerID=40&md5=d51e1ceb5d846629d432d8d0e8aad2ce",,,,,,"5",,"Pflugers Archiv European Journal of Physiology",,"91