Dosing of Physical Load During Hiking Tours in View of Performance Parameters

A hiking tour is one of the most popular forms of sports and fitness activity and mass physical culture. Its general objective is relaxation from professional and everyday stresses, and restoring to working condition. A hiking tour enables to develop vitally important skills: how to make a fire, cook meals, get geographical bearings, surmount obstacles, and help copartners. Besides, a hiking tour is a means of physical training under heavy load, as well as a measure of rehabilitation to working condition after stresses caused by other activities (Moskovchenko, Dyaditchkina, Bogaschenko, 1990). The article presents the data received from the survey of the students and the staff of Krasnoyarsk universities. The survey was conducted with the purpose to clarify the main hardships of hiking tours and the causes of possible injuries. The article describes particularities of dosing of physical load of hiking tourists in view of performing parameters. The empirical results are aimed at improving methods of dosing of physical load during hiking tours. The researches described the methodology of division of tourist load carrying equipment among the tourists. The article concludes the results of the pedagogical experiment which confirms the effectiveness of the innovative methodology offered as an alternative to the traditional approach.Туристский поход является одной из наиболее распространенных форм спортивно- оздоровительного туризма и массовой физической культуры. Его основная задача - снятие утомления от профессиональной или бытовой деятельности, восстановление работоспособности. Туристский поход позволяет приобрести жизненно необходимые навыки и умения: быстро развести костер, приготовить пищу, правильно ориентироваться на местности, преодолевать различные препятствия, оказывать помощь своим товарищам. Кроме того, туристский поход можно использовать и как средство тренировки с достаточно большими физическими нагрузками, и как средство восстановления работоспособности после нагрузок от других видов деятельности (Московченко О.Н., Дядичкина Н.С., Богащенко Ю.А. 1990;.) В статье представлены данные опроса студентов и преподавателей красноярских вузов, проведенного с целью выявления основных трудностей в туристских походах и причин травм, возникающих при занятиях спортивно-оздоровительным туризмом. Рассматриваются особенности дозирования физической нагрузки участников туристских походов с учетом показателей работоспособности. Представлен исследовательский материал с целью совершенствования методов дозирования нагрузки в туристском походе. Описана методика распределения веса снаряжения между участниками похода, предложенная авторами, результаты педагогического эксперимента, в ходе которого подтвердилась эффективность разработанной методики, предлагаемой в качестве альтернативы традиционным

Dosing of Physical Load During Hiking Tours in View of Performance Parameters

A hiking tour is one of the most popular forms of sports and fitness activity and mass physical culture. Its general objective is relaxation from professional and everyday stresses, and restoring to working condition. A hiking tour enables to develop vitally important skills: how to make a fire, cook meals, get geographical bearings, surmount obstacles, and help copartners. Besides, a hiking tour is a means of physical training under heavy load, as well as a measure of rehabilitation to working condition after stresses caused by other activities (Moskovchenko, Dyaditchkina, Bogaschenko, 1990). The article presents the data received from the survey of the students and the staff of Krasnoyarsk universities. The survey was conducted with the purpose to clarify the main hardships of hiking tours and the causes of possible injuries. The article describes particularities of dosing of physical load of hiking tourists in view of performing parameters. The empirical results are aimed at improving methods of dosing of physical load during hiking tours. The researches described the methodology of division of tourist load carrying equipment among the tourists. The article concludes the results of the pedagogical experiment which confirms the effectiveness of the innovative methodology offered as an alternative to the traditional approach.Туристский поход является одной из наиболее распространенных форм спортивно- оздоровительного туризма и массовой физической культуры. Его основная задача - снятие утомления от профессиональной или бытовой деятельности, восстановление работоспособности. Туристский поход позволяет приобрести жизненно необходимые навыки и умения: быстро развести костер, приготовить пищу, правильно ориентироваться на местности, преодолевать различные препятствия, оказывать помощь своим товарищам. Кроме того, туристский поход можно использовать и как средство тренировки с достаточно большими физическими нагрузками, и как средство восстановления работоспособности после нагрузок от других видов деятельности (Московченко О.Н., Дядичкина Н.С., Богащенко Ю.А. 1990;.) В статье представлены данные опроса студентов и преподавателей красноярских вузов, проведенного с целью выявления основных трудностей в туристских походах и причин травм, возникающих при занятиях спортивно-оздоровительным туризмом. Рассматриваются особенности дозирования физической нагрузки участников туристских походов с учетом показателей работоспособности. Представлен исследовательский материал с целью совершенствования методов дозирования нагрузки в туристском походе. Описана методика распределения веса снаряжения между участниками похода, предложенная авторами, результаты педагогического эксперимента, в ходе которого подтвердилась эффективность разработанной методики, предлагаемой в качестве альтернативы традиционным

Ofatumumab versus Teriflunomide in Multiple Sclerosis

BACKGROUND: Ofatumumab, a subcutaneous anti-CD20 monoclonal antibody, selectively depletes B cells. Teriflunomide, an oral inhibitor of pyrimidine synthesis, reduces T-cell and B-cell activation. The relative effects of these two drugs in patients with multiple sclerosis are not known. METHODS: In two double-blind, double-dummy, phase 3 trials, we randomly assigned patients with relapsing multiple sclerosis to receive subcutaneous ofatumumab (20 mg every 4 weeks after 20-mg loading doses at days 1, 7, and 14) or oral teriflunomide (14 mg daily) for up to 30 months. The primary end point was the annualized relapse rate. Secondary end points included disability worsening confirmed at 3 months or 6 months, disability improvement confirmed at 6 months, the number of gadolinium-enhancing lesions per T1-weighted magnetic resonance imaging (MRI) scan, the annualized rate of new or enlarging lesions on T2-weighted MRI, serum neurofilament light chain levels at month 3, and change in brain volume. RESULTS: Overall, 946 patients were assigned to receive ofatumumab and 936 to receive teriflunomide; the median follow-up was 1.6 years. The annualized relapse rates in the ofatumumab and teriflunomide groups were 0.11 and 0.22, respectively, in trial 1 (difference, -0.11; 95% confidence interval [CI], -0.16 to -0.06; P<0.001) and 0.10 and 0.25 in trial 2 (difference, -0.15; 95% CI, -0.20 to -0.09; P<0.001). In the pooled trials, the percentage of patients with disability worsening confirmed at 3 months was 10.9% with ofatumumab and 15.0% with teriflunomide (hazard ratio, 0.66; P = 0.002); the percentage with disability worsening confirmed at 6 months was 8.1% and 12.0%, respectively (hazard ratio, 0.68; P = 0.01); and the percentage with disability improvement confirmed at 6 months was 11.0% and 8.1% (hazard ratio, 1.35; P = 0.09). The number of gadolinium-enhancing lesions per T1-weighted MRI scan, the annualized rate of lesions on T2-weighted MRI, and serum neurofilament light chain levels, but not the change in brain volume, were in the same direction as the primary end point. Injection-related reactions occurred in 20.2% in the ofatumumab group and in 15.0% in the teriflunomide group (placebo injections). Serious infections occurred in 2.5% and 1.8% of the patients in the respective groups. CONCLUSIONS: Among patients with multiple sclerosis, ofatumumab was associated with lower annualized relapse rates than teriflunomide. (Funded by Novartis; ASCLEPIOS I and II ClinicalTrials.gov numbers, NCT02792218 and NCT02792231.)

Safety and efficacy of eculizumab in anti-acetylcholine receptor antibody-positive refractory generalised myasthenia gravis (REGAIN): a phase 3, randomised, double-blind, placebo-controlled, multicentre study

Background Complement is likely to have a role in refractory generalised myasthenia gravis, but no approved therapies specifically target this system. Results from a phase 2 study suggested that eculizumab, a terminal complement inhibitor, produced clinically meaningful improvements in patients with anti-acetylcholine receptor antibody-positive refractory generalised myasthenia gravis. We further assessed the efficacy and safety of eculizumab in this patient population in a phase 3 trial. Methods We did a phase 3, randomised, double-blind, placebo-controlled, multicentre study (REGAIN) in 76 hospitals and specialised clinics in 17 countries across North America, Latin America, Europe, and Asia. Eligible patients were aged at least 18 years, with a Myasthenia Gravis-Activities of Daily Living (MG-ADL) score of 6 or more, Myasthenia Gravis Foundation of America (MGFA) class II\ue2\u80\u93IV disease, vaccination against Neisseria meningitides, and previous treatment with at least two immunosuppressive therapies or one immunosuppressive therapy and chronic intravenous immunoglobulin or plasma exchange for 12 months without symptom control. Patients with a history of thymoma or thymic neoplasms, thymectomy within 12 months before screening, or use of intravenous immunoglobulin or plasma exchange within 4 weeks before randomisation, or rituximab within 6 months before screening, were excluded. We randomly assigned participants (1:1) to either intravenous eculizumab or intravenous matched placebo for 26 weeks. Dosing for eculizumab was 900 mg on day 1 and at weeks 1, 2, and 3; 1200 mg at week 4; and 1200 mg given every second week thereafter as maintenance dosing. Randomisation was done centrally with an interactive voice or web-response system with patients stratified to one of four groups based on MGFA disease classification. Where possible, patients were maintained on existing myasthenia gravis therapies and rescue medication was allowed at the study physician's discretion. Patients, investigators, staff, and outcome assessors were masked to treatment assignment. The primary efficacy endpoint was the change from baseline to week 26 in MG-ADL total score measured by worst-rank ANCOVA. The efficacy population set was defined as all patients randomly assigned to treatment groups who received at least one dose of study drug, had a valid baseline MG-ADL assessment, and at least one post-baseline MG-ADL assessment. The safety analyses included all randomly assigned patients who received eculizumab or placebo. This trial is registered with ClinicalTrials.gov, number NCT01997229. Findings Between April 30, 2014, and Feb 19, 2016, we randomly assigned and treated 125 patients, 62 with eculizumab and 63 with placebo. The primary analysis showed no significant difference between eculizumab and placebo (least-squares mean rank 56\uc2\ub76 [SEM 4\uc2\ub75] vs 68\uc2\ub73 [4\uc2\ub75]; rank-based treatment difference \ue2\u88\u9211\uc2\ub77, 95% CI \ue2\u88\u9224\uc2\ub73 to 0\uc2\ub796; p=0\uc2\ub70698). No deaths or cases of meningococcal infection occurred during the study. The most common adverse events in both groups were headache and upper respiratory tract infection (ten [16%] for both events in the eculizumab group and 12 [19%] for both in the placebo group). Myasthenia gravis exacerbations were reported by six (10%) patients in the eculizumab group and 15 (24%) in the placebo group. Six (10%) patients in the eculizumab group and 12 (19%) in the placebo group required rescue therapy. Interpretation The change in the MG-ADL score was not statistically significant between eculizumab and placebo, as measured by the worst-rank analysis. Eculizumab was well tolerated. The use of a worst-rank analytical approach proved to be an important limitation of this study since the secondary and sensitivity analyses results were inconsistent with the primary endpoint result; further research into the role of complement is needed. Funding Alexion Pharmaceuticals