rs495139 in the TYMS-ENOSF1 Region and Risk of Ovarian Carcinoma of Mucinous Histology.

Thymidylate synthase (TYMS) is a crucial enzyme for DNA synthesis. TYMS expression is regulated by its antisense mRNA, ENOSF1. Disrupted regulation may promote uncontrolled DNA synthesis and tumor growth. We sought to replicate our previously reported association between rs495139 in the TYMS-ENOSF1 3' gene region and increased risk of mucinous ovarian carcinoma (MOC) in an independent sample. Genotypes from 24,351 controls to 15,000 women with invasive OC, including 665 MOC, were available. We estimated per-allele odds ratios (OR) and 95% confidence intervals (CI) using unconditional logistic regression, and meta-analysis when combining these data with our previous report. The association between rs495139 and MOC was not significant in the independent sample (OR = 1.09; 95% CI = 0.97⁻1.22; p = 0.15; N = 665 cases). Meta-analysis suggested a weak association (OR = 1.13; 95% CI = 1.03⁻1.24; p = 0.01; N = 1019 cases). No significant association with risk of other OC histologic types was observed (p = 0.05 for tumor heterogeneity). In expression quantitative trait locus (eQTL) analysis, the rs495139 allele was positively associated with ENOSF1 mRNA expression in normal tissues of the gastrointestinal system, particularly esophageal mucosa (r = 0.51, p = 1.7 × 10-28), and nonsignificantly in five MOC tumors. The association results, along with inconclusive tumor eQTL findings, suggest that a true effect of rs495139 might be small

The Novel Gene <i>CRNDE</i> Encodes a Nuclear Peptide (CRNDEP) Which Is Overexpressed in Highly Proliferating Tissues

<div><p><i>CRNDE</i>, recently described as the lncRNA-coding gene, is overexpressed at RNA level in human malignancies. Its role in gametogenesis, cellular differentiation and pluripotency has been suggested as well. Herein, we aimed to verify our hypothesis that the <i>CRNDE</i> gene may encode a protein product, CRNDEP. By using bioinformatics methods, we identified the 84-amino acid ORF encoded by one of two <i>CRNDE </i>transcripts, previously described by our research team. This ORF was cloned into two expression vectors, subsequently utilized in localization studies in HeLa cells. We also developed a polyclonal antibody against CRNDEP. Its specificity was confirmed in immunohistochemical, cellular localization, Western blot and immunoprecipitation experiments, as well as by showing a statistically significant decrease of endogenous CRNDEP expression in the cells with transient shRNA-mediated knockdown of <i>CRNDE</i>. Endogenous CRNDEP localizes predominantly to the nucleus and its expression seems to be elevated in highly proliferating tissues, like the parabasal layer of the squamous epithelium, intestinal crypts or spermatocytes. After its artificial overexpression in HeLa cells, in a fusion with either the EGFP or DsRed Monomer fluorescent tag, CRNDEP seems to stimulate the formation of stress granules and localize to them. Although the exact role of CRNDEP is unknown, our preliminary results suggest that it may be involved in the regulation of the cell proliferation. Possibly, CRNDEP also participates in oxygen metabolism, considering our <i>in silico</i> results, and the correlation between its enforced overexpression and the formation of stress granules. This is the first report showing the existence of a peptide encoded by the <i>CRNDE</i> gene.</p></div

Molecular studies on CRNDEP.

<p>A) Simultaneous overexpression of the 6xHis-CRNDEP-EGFP and DsRed Monomer-6xHis-CRNDEP fusion proteins in HeLa cells, visualized under a fluorescence microscope. The former protein glows green and the latter glows red in these conditions. Yellow glow is caused by a co-localization of these two fusion proteins. Nuclei were stained blue with DAPI. The same shot with only the green (B) or the red (C) channel shown. D) Western blot-based verification of the size of the 6xHis-CRNDEP-EGFP fusion protein. M—Spectra Multicolor Low Range Protein Ladder (Thermo-Fisher Scientific), 1—the EGFP reporter protein (26.9 kDa), 2—6xHis-CRNDEP-EGFP (39.2 kDa). E) Western blot-based verification of the specificity of our custom-made polyclonal anti-CRNDEP antibody. M—Spectra Multicolor Low Range Protein Ladder; 1—DsRed Monomer-6xHis-CRNDEP (340 aas, 38.5 kDa); 2—purified 14 kDa protein containing the 6xHis tag, 1.4 μg (a negative control of the antibody's specificity, non-commercial); 3—6xHis-CRNDEP-EGFP (346 aas, 39.2 kDa); 4—empty; 5—EGFP (239 aas, 26.9 kDa, a negative control); 6—DsRed Monomer (232 aas, 26.2 kDa, a negative control). A loading control (the PVDF membrane used in this experiment, stained with Ponceau S) is shown in <a href="http://www.plosone.org/article/info:doi/10.1371/journal.pone.0127475#pone.0127475.s013" target="_blank">S13 Fig</a>. F–G) Detection of the overexpressed 2xFLAG-CRNDEP protein (~14 kDa) in a total protein lysate from 0.25 million HeLa cells with either the anti-FLAG (F) or anti-CRNDEP (G) antibody. H) Immunoprecipitation of 2xFLAG-CRNDEP using the anti-CRNDEP antibody (2) and control IgG (1) (both from a rabbit). A total protein lysate before immunoprecipitation was loaded for comparison (3). After precipitation, the 2xFLAG-CRNDEP protein was detected on the PVDF membrane using the anti-FLAG antibody. The correct bands in Fig F–H are encircled.</p

Evaluation of shRNA-mediated knockdown of <i>CRNDE</i>.

<p>The effects of <i>CRNDE</i> gene silencing were evaluated at either mRNA (A) or protein level (B-C). The strongest decrease in the amount of the CRNDEP-coding transcript (by ~65%) was observed for the SH1 silencing construct (A). The effects of this knockdown were detectable at the protein level as well (B, C), leading to a statistically significant decline in the amount of CRNDEP (red signal) in the cells transfected with the silencing construct (green signal). As expected, such a correlation did not occur in the cells transfected with the construct encoding a control (scrambled) shRNA molecule (SH SCR). The transfected cells are marked with white arrows.</p

Primary and secondary antibodies used in the present study.

<p>¹) Western Blot.</p><p>²) Immunofluorescence.</p><p>³) IHC (Immunohistochemistry).</p><p>⁴) Two of three anti-CRNDEP antibodies were not purified (Western blots were performed using rabbit sera with relatively low concentration of specific antibodies). IHC—immunohistochemistry; HRP—horseradish peroxidase; N/A—not applicable.</p><p>Primary and secondary antibodies used in the present study.</p

The endogenous CRNDEP peptide expression in different human tissues evaluated by immunohistochemical stainings.

<p>A) Epithelial ovarian cancer (serous carcinoma) with heterogeneous nuclear expression; B) The same section of ovarian carcinoma incubated with a blocking peptide; C) Normal proliferative phase endometrium with strong nuclear expression within the glandular epithelium and heterogeneous staining in stromal cells; D) Atrophic endometrium with negative staining in the nuclei; Normal tonsil (E-F) with heterogeneous (weak to moderate) nuclear expression in the germinal center (E) and strong nuclear expression in the parabasal layer of the squamous epithelium (F); G) Normal intestine: strong nuclear expression in intestinal crypts; H) Seminiferous tubules of an atrophic human testis: strong nuclear expression in spermatocytes.</p

The most important differences between the cloning experiments performed herein.

<p>¹) PCR products shown in this table were first cloned into the pGEM-T Easy vector and then subcloned into one of two target expression vectors listed above. This approach facilitated the cleavage of DNA inserts with restriction enzymes.</p><p>²) The pCR3-FL2-CRNDEP plasmid was created by subcloning the CRNDEP insert from the pEGFP-N1_CRNDEP plasmid (without PCR reactions); N/A—not applicable.</p><p>The most important differences between the cloning experiments performed herein.</p

Sequences of primers used for PCR, sequencing and Real-Time PCR, followed by sequences of a TaqMan probe, shRNAs, and CRNDEP epitopes used in the present study.

<p>¹) Restriction enzyme recognition sites inserted in primer overhangs were <u>underlined</u>.</p><p>²) shRNA-coding sequences: sense regions were marked with a <u>wavy</u> line, whereas antisense regions were indicated with a <u>double wavy</u> line; sticky ends, specific to BamHI/HindIII digestion, were <u>double-underlined</u>.</p><p>Sequences of primers used for PCR, sequencing and Real-Time PCR, followed by sequences of a TaqMan probe, shRNAs, and CRNDEP epitopes used in the present study.</p