The Arthropod Fauna of Oak (Quercus spp., Fagaceae) Canopies in Norway

(1) We document the invertebrate fauna collected from 24 oak canopies in east and west Norway as a contribution to the Norwegian Biodiversity Information Centre’s ‘The Norwegian Taxonomy Initiative’. (2) A snap-shot inventory of the canopies was recorded by means of emitting a mist of natural pyrethrum into the canopies at night using a petrol-driven fogger and collecting the specimens in butterfly nets spread on the ground under the canopy. (3) Almost the entire catch of more than 6800 specimens was identified to 722 species. Out of 92 species new to the Norwegian fauna, 21 were new to science and, additionally, 15 were new to the Nordic fauna. Diptera alone constituted nearly half of the species represented, with 61 new records (18 new species). Additionally, 24 Hymenoptera (one new species), six oribatid mites (two new species) and one Thysanoptera were new to the Norwegian fauna. (4) Our study emphasizes the importance of the oak tree as a habitat both for a specific fauna and occasional visitors, and it demonstrates that the canopy fogging technique is an efficient way to find the ‘hidden fauna’ of Norwegian forests. The low number of red listed species found reflects how poor the Norwegian insect fauna is still studied. Moreover, the implication of the IUCN red list criteria for newly described or newly observed species is discussed.</jats:p

FIGURES 10–14 in The crane fly genus Libnotes Westwood, 1876 (Diptera: Limoniidae) for Korea including two new species and an identification key

FIGURES 10–14. Libnotes (Libnotes) jirisana n. sp. 10: Antenna of female; 11: General view of female, lateral view; 12: Male genitalia, dorsal view; 13. Male genitalia, ventral view; 14: Ovipositor, lateral view

New Geranomyia crane flies (Diptera: Limoniidae) from Korea and Kunashir Island

Podenas, Sigitas (2016): New Geranomyia crane flies (Diptera: Limoniidae) from Korea and Kunashir Island. Zootaxa 4121 (5): 555-565, DOI: http://doi.org/10.11646/zootaxa.4121.5.

New synonym of Tipula (Vestiplex) wahlgrenana Alexander, 1968 (Diptera: Tipulidae)

Based on examination of type specimens a crane fly species Tipula (Vestiplex) hugueniniana Alexander, 1971 is proposed as junior synonym of Tipula (V.) wahlgrenana Alexander, 1968. The new synonymy is based on similarity of male genitalia

Nephrotoma flavescens Linnaeus 1758

Nephrotoma flavescens Linnaeus, 1758 (Figs. 18–32) First instar larvae. Length 1.75–1.78 mm; width 0.29–0.30 mm. Body covered with pale pubescence. Cuticle is transparent. Head capsule. Length 0.36–0.38 mm; width 0.16–0.18 mm. Head capsule is prognatous and hemicephalic. It is elongate-oval in shape, slightly depressed dorsoventrally and, differently from the head capsule of the last instar larvae, just slightly sclerotised (Fig. 18). Internolateralia and externolateralia are separated by incisions, which reach almost half-length of head capsule; each incision is continuous with deep groove (the most sclerotised part of head capsule) that extends almost to the base of antenna. Externolateralia are widely separated on the ventral side of capsule (Fig. 19). Premaxillary suture separates side plates from the rest of head capsule. Side plate is wedgeshaped with a long anteromedial seta. Hypostomium is strongly sclerotised. It bears five sharp teeth. The outhermost teeth (both on dorsal and ventral part) are much smaller than the other. Small incision is on posterior part of hypostomium (Fig. 20). Basally the hypostomium is fused with ventral margins of genae and with side plates. Prementum is visible from below. It is very similar to that of Ct. guttata. Frontoclypeus is short (4 / 5 times as long as internolateralia) and fused with internolateralia. Internolateralia are separated by fold on posterior part (Figs. 18, 19). Internolateralia are much longer than externolateralia. Clypeal part of frontoclypeus is membranous and separated from labrum by deep fold. There are four short setae on the anterior part of clypeus. A short seta is situated below the anterior part of clypeus towards the base of antenna. There are four short setae below the base of antenna (Fig. 18). Ecdysial and coronal sutures are not visible. Labrum is rectangular in shape and composed of two wedge-shaped sclerotised plates separated by membranous areas. Each labral lobe has distinct triangularly shaped outgrowth directed outward (Fig. 21). Apical part of labrum and ephipharynx are covered with numerous hairs. One long and one short seta present on membranous part on each side of labrum (Fig. 22). One long, one medium-length, two short setae and one sensory pit present on anteriolateral part, two sensory pits present on medial part, one short and one very short setae are located on posterior part of labral lobe. Antenna is short and composed of one cone-shaped segment, almost as long as wide at base (Fig. 23). It has a large cone-shaped and a few small peg-like apical sensillae and subapical posterodorsal sensory pit. Mandible is one-segmented and much more sclerotised than the rest of head capsule. Five sharp teeth are present on both mandibles (Fig. 24). Apical, first ventral and dorsal teeth are the most prominent. Second dorsal and second ventral teeth are much smaller. Prostheca or lacinia mobilis present on the dorsal side of inner surface of mandible (Fig. 24). Lacinia mobilis is arch-shaped, with 9–10 sharp small teeth on apical part and with cushion of long hairs in the middle. Lateral surface of mandible has two very short setae at the base. A sensory pit is present at the base of dorsal side. Mandibles operate in horizontal plane. Inconspicuous larval eye spot is present below the base of mandible. Maxilla has triangularly shaped cardo, which bears two almost equal setae near the distal end (Fig. 25). There are two sclerites on stipes. The inner sclerite extends around inner margin of maxilla onto its dorsal surface and the outer sclerite extends around outer margin of maxilla to its dorsal surface (Fig. 25). Galea and lacinia are fused. Galea is covered with numerous short hairs. There are three long sensory structures on the ventral side of galea. Lacinia has three sharp pointed outgrooves on the outer margin. Thorax. All thoracic segments are short and wide, covered with microscopic hairs. Prothorax has dorsal and ventral pads (Figs. 26, 27). Abdomen. Abdominal segments are longer than wide. They are covered with two types of hairs. Short hairs cover lateral parts of segment and big portion of tergal and sternal parts. Tips of these hairs are three-branched (Figs. 28). Long hairs form lines on tergal and sternal parts of segments. Setae are light brown. Setae D 1 and D 6 are very short; D 4 and D 5 are twice as long as D 1; D 2 is three times as long as D 1; D 3 is more than five times as long as D 1. Setae D 2, D 3 and D 4, D 5 make pairs and are very close to each other (Fig. 29). Setae V 1 and V 2 are equal in length and twice as long as V 3 and V 4. Setae V 1, V 2 and V 3, V 4 make pairs and are close to each other (Fig. 30). Setae L 1, L 2 and L 3 are close to each other (Fig. 31). L 2 is short; L 1 is three times as long as L 2 and twice as long as L 3; L 4 is rather far away from other setae and its length is similar to that of L 3. Hairs on sixth and seventh abdominal segments are longer than those on other segments. Third thoracic and first abdominal segments are wider than long. First and second thoracic and second to eighth abdominal segments are longer than wide. Last or anal abdominal segment is constricted. Spiracular disc. Spiracular field is surrounded by four flat and elongate round-tipped lobes (Fig. 32). Lateral lobe is prominent, its length almost 1.5 x the width at the base. It has two long stout apical bristles. Each bristle is almost six times as long as the lobe itself and about as long as one-third of the whole body. Three tufts of two short bristles each present on dorsal part. There are three tufts of long bristles above the spiracles. The innermost and outermost tufts consist of two bristles, the middle tuft consists of three bristles. Ventral lobes are almost as long as wide at the base. A tuft of four long bristles is on the apical part of lobe and a tuft of three slightly shorter bristles is on inner part; two tufts of two short bristles each present on the outer margin; a tuft of four bristles different in length and a single bristle are at the base of lobe. Both pairs of lobes are almost completely covered with large, wedge-shaped sclerites. Spiracles are large, oval and close to each other. Distance between them is almost the same as diameter of a spiracle itself. Anal field. Anus is surrounded by four short, white and fleshy anal papillae. There are few long setae on anal segment (here and in other Nephrotoma species below it was difficult to establish number and arrangement of setae due to preservation). Specimens examined. 26 egg-larvae from 1 female, female was captured in Lazdijai district, N 54.24080, E 23.51548, 23 VI 2011, eggs were laid on 24 VI 2011, egg-larvae hatched on 17 VII 2011.Published as part of Podeniene, Virginija, Naseviciene, Nijole & Podenas, Sigitas, 2014, Notes on the first instar larvae of Ctenophora and Nephrotoma (Diptera, Tipulidae), pp. 152-168 in Zootaxa 3764 (2) on pages 157-159, DOI: 10.11646/zootaxa.3764.2.3, http://zenodo.org/record/22866

Nephrotoma crocata Linnaeus 1758

Nephrotoma crocata Linnaeus, 1758 (Figs. 33–40) First instar larvae. Length 1.83–1.85 mm; width 0.32–0.33 mm. Body covered with pale pubescence. Cuticle is transparent. Head capsule. Length 0.40–0.42 mm; width 0.20–0.22 mm. In general, is very similar to that of N. flavescens. Differences were noticed in shape of hypostomium, mandible, antenna and arrangement of sensory structures on labrum. Hypostomium bears five blunt teeth (Fig. 33). Mandible generally is very similar to that of N. flavescens, but shapes of teeth are slightly different (Fig. 34). Segment of antenna is cone-shaped, but membranous apical part is much smaller than in N. flavescens (Fig. 35). There are three small peg-like sensillae on the apex of basal segment. Labrum in general is very similar to that of N. flavescens, but there are two long setae on membranous part of it (Fig. 36). Thorax. Is very similar to that of N. flavescens. Abdomen. In general is very similar to that of N. flavescens. Setae D 1, D 4, D 5 and D 6 are very short (Fig. 37); D 3 is almost twice as long as D 1; D 2 is very long almost six times as long as D 1. Setae D 2, D 3 and D 4, D 5 make pairs and are very close to each other. Seta V 1 is short; V 4 is twice as long as V 4 (Fig. 38); V 3 is slightly longer than V 4; V 2 is almost eight times as long as V 1. Setae L 1, L 2 and L 3 are close to each other (Fig. 39). Seta L 2 is short; L 1 is three times as long as L 2 and just slightly longer than L 3; L 4 is situated further from other setae and is approximately as long as L 3. Spiracular disc. Spiracular field is surrounded by four flat and elongate round-tipped lobes (Fig. 40). Lateral pair is more prominent. Lateral lobe is almost as long as wide at the base. It bears four long stout apical bristles. Tuft of two short bristles is located on dorsal part of it and next by it is a single very short bristle. Lobe bears very pale wedge-shape sclerite. Ventral lobe length is nearly half its width at the base. It has a tuft of four bristles at the base. These bristles are different in length. Tuft of two short bristles is on the apical part of lobe and a tuft of three different in length bristles on inner part of lobe. Two short bristles are on the outer margin of lobe. Lobe is almost completely covered with large and very pale sclerites. There are three tufts of long bristles above the spiracles. The outermost tuft consists of two bristles, the others consist of three bristles. Spiracles are large, circular and close to each other. Distance between the spiracles is smaller than diameter of a spiracle itself. Anal field. Anus is surrounded by four long, cone-shaped, white and fleshy anal papillae. There are a few long setae on anal segment. Specimens examined. 10 egg-larvae from female captured in Vilnius, N 54.68194, E 25.27087, 11 VI 2011, eggs were laid on 24 VI 2011, egg-larvae hatched on 22 VI 2011; 16 egg-larvae from female captured near Lazdijai, N 54.24096, E 23.51549, 23 VI 2011, eggs were laid on 23 VI 2011, egg-larvae hatched on 0 1 VII 2011; 39 egglarvae from female captured near Lazdijai, N 54.24060, E 23.51560, 23 VI 2011, eggs were laid on 24 VI 2011, egglarvae hatched on 30 VI 2011; 3 egg-larvae from female captured near Lazdijai, N 54.24080, E 23.51548, 23 VI 2011, eggs were laid on 28 VI 2011, egg-larvae hatched on 0 4 VII 2011; 76 egg-larvae from female captured near Lazdijai, N 54.24080, E 23.51548, 23 VI 2011, eggs were laid on 23 VI 2011, egg-larvae hatched on 0 1 VII 2011; 67 egg-larvae from female captured near Lazdijai, N 54.24095, E 23.51552, 23 VI 2011, eggs were laid in 25 VI 2011, egg-larvae hatched on 0 3 VII 2011.Published as part of Podeniene, Virginija, Naseviciene, Nijole & Podenas, Sigitas, 2014, Notes on the first instar larvae of Ctenophora and Nephrotoma (Diptera, Tipulidae), pp. 152-168 in Zootaxa 3764 (2) on pages 159-160, DOI: 10.11646/zootaxa.3764.2.3, http://zenodo.org/record/22866

Nephrotoma dorsalis Fabricius 1782

Nephrotoma dorsalis Fabricius, 1782 (Figs. 49–56) First instar larvae. Length 1.41–1.43 mm; width 0.31–0.32 mm. Body covered with pale pubescence. Cuticle is transparent. Head capsule. Length 0.36–0.37 mm; width 0.15–0.17 mm. In general it is very similar to that of other Nephrotoma. Minor differences were noticed in shape of hypostomium, mandible, antenna. Hypostomium bears five blunt teeth. Shape of the outermost teeth is different from the others. There is a prominent incision on posterior part of hypostomium (Fig. 49). Mandible in general is very similar to that of N. flavescens, but shape of teeth is slightly different (Fig. 50). Antenna is very similar to that of N. pratensis, but N. dorsalis has more peg-like sensillae on the apex of basal segment (Fig. 51). Labrum in general is very similar to that of N. crocata and N. pratensis (Fig. 52). Thorax. In general is very similar to that of other Nephrotoma species. Abdomen. In general is very similar to that of other Nephrotoma species. Seta D 1 is very short; D 2 is long and six times as long as D 1; D 3 is the longest and eight times as long as D 1 (Fig. 53); D 4, D 5, D 6 are very similar in length, three times as long as D 1. Setae D 2, D 3 and D 4, D 5 make pairs and are very close to each other. Seta V 1 is very short; V 2 is the longest ventral seta and is ten times as long as V 1 (Fig. 54); V 3 is eight time as long as V 1; V 4 is four times as long as V 1. Setae V 1, V 2 and V 3, V 4 make pairs and are very close to each other. Lateral setae are arranged in a line. Setae L 1, L 3 and L 4 are very similar in length and are three times as long as L 2 (Fig. 55). Seta L 4 is most distant from the other setae. Spiracular disc. Spiracular field is surrounded by four flat and elongate round-tipped lobes (Fig. 56), which are covered by sclerites. Lateral lobe is prominent, its length almost 1.5 x the width at the base. It has four long stout apical bristles. The length of each bristle is almost as long as one-fourth of the whole body. Two tufts, each consisting of two bristles, are located on dorsal margin. Lobe bears pale, stripe-shaped sclerite. Ventral lobe is almost as long as its width at the base. It has apical tuft of two bristles. Tuft of three long bristles is on inner margin; tufts of two short and two long bristles are on outer margin; a tuft of four long bristles is at the base. Lobe bears pale, wide leaf-shaped sclerite. Three tufts of long bristles are above the spiracles. The innermost tuft consists of two bristles; others consist of three bristles. Spiracles are large, circular and close to each other. Distance between them is smaller than diameter of a spiracle itself. Anal field. Anus is surrounded by four long, cone-shaped, white and fleshy anal papillae. There are few long setae on anal segment. Specimens examined. 23 egg-larvae from female captured near Lazdijai, N 54.24060, E 23.51560, 23 VI 2011, eggs were laid on 25 VI 2011, egg-larvae hatched on 14 VII 2011; 43 egg-larvae from female captured near Lazdijai, N 54.24067, E 23.51526, 23 VI 2011, eggs were laid on 24 VI 2011, egg-larvae hatched on 0 9 VII 2011; 110 egg-larvae from female captured near Lazdijai, N 54.24072, E 23.51560, 23 VI 2011, eggs were laid on 25 VI 2011, egg-larvae hatched on 18 VII 2011.Published as part of Podeniene, Virginija, Naseviciene, Nijole & Podenas, Sigitas, 2014, Notes on the first instar larvae of Ctenophora and Nephrotoma (Diptera, Tipulidae), pp. 152-168 in Zootaxa 3764 (2) on pages 163-164, DOI: 10.11646/zootaxa.3764.2.3, http://zenodo.org/record/22866

Notes on the first instar larvae of the genus Tipula (Diptera: Tipulidae)

Podeniene, Virginija, Nasevičiene, Nijole, Podenas, Sigitas (2019): Notes on the first instar larvae of the genus Tipula (Diptera: Tipulidae). Zootaxa 4567 (1): 90-110, DOI: https://doi.org/10.11646/zootaxa.4567.1.

Libnotes crane flies (Diptera: Limoniidae) from Jeju Island (South Korea)

Podenas, Sigitas, Byun, Hye-Woo (2018): Libnotes crane flies (Diptera: Limoniidae) from Jeju Island (South Korea). Zootaxa 4483 (2): 375-384, DOI: https://doi.org/10.11646/zootaxa.4483.2.

Ctenophora (Ctenophora) guttata Meigen 1818

Ctenophora (Ctenophora) guttata Meigen, 1818 (Figs. 1–17) First instar larvae. Length 2.5–2.6 mm; width– 0.44–0.45 mm. Body covered with pale pubescence. Cuticle is transparent. Head capsule. Length 0.41–0.43 mm; width 0.24–0.25 mm. Head capsule is prognatous and hemicephalic, oval in shape, slightly depressed dorsoventrally and differently from the head capsule of the last instar larvae, just slightly sclerotised (Figs. 1, 2). Internolateralia and externolateralia are separated by incisions, which reaches almost half-length of head capsule. Each incision is continuous with deep groove (the most sclerotised part of head capsule) that extends almost to the base of antenna. Externolateralia are widely separated on the ventral side of capsule (Fig. 2). Premaxillary suture separates side plates from the rest of head capsule. Side plate is wedge shaped with anteromedially situated long seta. Hypostomium bears six large sharp teeth (Fig. 3). Basally it is fused with ventral margins of genae and with side plates. Prementum is visible from below. It has three large sharp teeth on anterior margin. A pair of labial palps is present in the middle part of prementum, each consisting of five peg-like sensillae. Labial palps are separated by cushion of short bristles (Fig. 4). Frontoclypeus is fused with internolateralia. Clypeal part of frontoclypeus is membranous and separated from labrum by deep fold. One long seta and three sensory pits present on the anterior part of clypeus, one long and one short seta present near the base of antenna. Three very short bristles are located near the grove on both sides of clypeus (Fig. 1). Ecdysial and coronal sutures are not visible. Labrum is trapezoidal in shape and dorsally is composed of two wedge-shaped sclerotised plates separated by membranous area (Fig. 5). Apical part of labrum and ephipharynx are covered with numerous short hairs. One long seta and one short sensory peg present on membranous part on both sides of labrum. One long, one of medium length, two short setae and three sensory pits present on anteriolateral part of labral lobe. One long and one short seta are located on posterior part of labral lobe. Antenna is short, slightly tapering apically. It has just one cylindrical segment, which length is almost two-thirds the width (Fig. 6). Apically it has one large cone-shaped and six small peg-like sensillae, dorsally it has a sensory pit near the base. Mandible is one segmented and more sclerotised than the rest of head capsule. Five sharp teeth are present on each mandible (Fig. 7). Second dorsal and second ventral teeth are much smaller than apical, first ventral and dorsal teeth. Prostheca or lacinia mobilis present on the dorsal side of mesal mandibular base (Fig. 7). Lacinia mobilis is archshaped, with 11–12 sharp small teeth on apical part and with cushion of short hairs in the middle. Lateral margin of mandible has two long setae near the base. A sensory pit is present at the base of dorsal side of mandible. Mandibles operate in horizontal plane. Inconspicuous larval eye spots present below the base of mandible. Maxilla has wedge-shaped cardo, bearing two almost equal setae near the distal end (Fig. 8). There are two sclerites on stipes. The inner sclerite extends around inner margin of maxilla onto its dorsal surface. The outer sclerite extends around outer margin of maxilla to its dorsal surface. There is a diamond-shaped sclerite near the base of galea (Fig. 8). Galea and lacinia are fused. Galea is covered with numerous short hairs. There are three long sensory structures on the ventral side of galea. Lacinia bears five sharp pointed outgrooves on the outer margin. Thorax. All thoracic segments are short and wide, covered with microscopic hairs. The first thoracical segment has no welts (Figs. 9, 10). Abdomen. Abdominal segments are longer than wide. They are covered with two types of hairs. Short hairs cover lateral parts of segments and large partions of tergal and sternal parts (Figs. 11, 12, 13). Long hairs form transversal lines on tergal and sternal parts (Figs. 11, 12). Setae are light brown. Setae D 1 –D 4 and D 6 are long, more than five times as long as D 5. Setae D 2, D 3 and D 5, D 6 are very close to each other (Fig. 14). Setae V 1 and V 3 are very long. They are twice as long as V 4 and almost five times as long as V 5. Setae V 1, V 2 and V 4, V 5 are very close to each other (Fig. 15). Seta L 3 is very long. It is slightly longer than L 2, twice as long as L 1 and more than six times as long as L 4. Setae L 1, L 2 and L 3 are very close to each other (Fig. 16). Hairs on sixth and seventh abdominal segments are longer than those on other segments. Third thoracic and first abdominal segments are wider than longer. First, second thoracic and second–eighth abdominal segments are longer than wide. Last or anal abdominal segment is constricted. Spiracular disc. Spiracular field is surrounded by four flat and elongate round-tipped lobes (Fig. 17), which are almost completely covered with large, wedge-shaped sclerites. Lateral pair is more prominent. Lateral lobe is almost as long as its width at the base. It has four long stout apical bristles. Each bristle is almost five times as long as the lobe. Length of ventral lobe is almost 1.5 x its width at the base. The lobe has one long and one mediumlength apical bristles and single long bristle on inner and on outer margins. They are as long as the lobe. It also has one of medium-long setae and a short bristle on outer margin. There are four tufts of longer and shorter bristles above the each spiracle. The innermost tuft consists of three short bristles. Laterally from it, is tuft of four very long bristles (they are almost three times as long as bristles of the innermost tuft). Further laterally, is tuft of three long bristles and outermost is one long bristle. Spiracles are large, circular and close to each other. Distance between them is smaller than diameter of a spiracle. Anal field. Anus is surrounded by four short, white and fleshy anal papillae. A few long setae present on anal segment. Specimens examined. 93 egg-larvae from 1 female, which was captured in Vilnius, N 54.68194, E 25.27087, 12 VI 2011, eggs were laid on 13 VI 2011, egg-larvae hatched on 19 VI 2011.Published as part of Podeniene, Virginija, Naseviciene, Nijole & Podenas, Sigitas, 2014, Notes on the first instar larvae of Ctenophora and Nephrotoma (Diptera, Tipulidae), pp. 152-168 in Zootaxa 3764 (2) on pages 154-156, DOI: 10.11646/zootaxa.3764.2.3, http://zenodo.org/record/22866