Obtainment of Monoclonal Antibodies and Prospects of Their Application as Basis for Immunodiagnostic Aids for Crimean-Congo Hemorrhagic Fever Virus Detection

) as framework for the production of tools for CCHF virus detection and identification in artificially contaminated samples and clinical specimens containing CCHF antigens was proven efficient

Multiplexing information flow through dynamic signalling systems

We consider how a signalling system can act as an information hub by multiplexing information arising from multiple signals. We formally define multiplexing, mathematically characterise which systems can multiplex and how well they can do it. While the results of this paper are theoretical, to motivate the idea of multiplexing, we provide experimental evidence that tentatively suggests that the NF-κB transcription factor can multiplex information about changes in multiple signals. We believe that our theoretical results may resolve the apparent paradox of how a system like NF-κB that regulates cell fate and inflammatory signalling in response to diverse stimuli can appear to have the low information carrying capacity suggested by recent studies on scalar signals. In carrying out our study, we introduce new methods for the analysis of large, nonlinear stochastic dynamic models, and develop computational algorithms that facilitate the calculation of fundamental constructs of information theory such as Kullback–Leibler divergences and sensitivity matrices, and link these methods to a new theory about multiplexing information. We show that many current models such as those of the NF-κB system cannot multiplex effectively and provide models that overcome this limitation using post-transcriptional modifications

Noise Management by Molecular Networks

Fluctuations in the copy number of key regulatory macromolecules (“noise”) may cause physiological heterogeneity in populations of (isogenic) cells. The kinetics of processes and their wiring in molecular networks can modulate this molecular noise. Here we present a theoretical framework to study the principles of noise management by the molecular networks in living cells. The theory makes use of the natural, hierarchical organization of those networks and makes their noise management more understandable in terms of network structure. Principles governing noise management by ultrasensitive systems, signaling cascades, gene networks and feedback circuitry are discovered using this approach. For a few frequently occurring network motifs we show how they manage noise. We derive simple and intuitive equations for noise in molecule copy numbers as a determinant of physiological heterogeneity. We show how noise levels and signal sensitivity can be set independently in molecular networks, but often changes in signal sensitivity affect noise propagation. Using theory and simulations, we show that negative feedback can both enhance and reduce noise. We identify a trade-off; noise reduction in one molecular intermediate by negative feedback is at the expense of increased noise in the levels of other molecules along the feedback loop. The reactants of the processes that are strongly (cooperatively) regulated, so as to allow for negative feedback with a high strength, will display enhanced noise

Solubility of MoO₃ in NaClO₄ Solutions at 573 K

This study reports the measurements of solubility of crystalline molybdenum trioxide, MoO₃, in NaClO₄ solutions at 573.2 K and pressures, close to the saturation water vapor. In total, there are 16 data points at NaClO₄ molalities between 0.005 and 2.21. The solubility is explained by two dissolution reactions: MoO₃(cr) + H₂O­(l) = HMoO₄^– + H⁺, and MoO₃(cr) + H₂O­(l) = H₂MoO₄(aq). The solubility moderately increases with the sodium perchlorate concentrations. In our view, this effect can be fully explained by the variations of the activity coefficients of H⁺ and HMoO₄^– in sodium perchlorate solutions, without the need to invoke a complex formation between Na⁺ and HMoO₄^–, as was proposed in the literature. A better knowledge of speciation, association and thermodynamic properties of solutions of typical electrolytes (such as NaCl, NaClO₄, etc.) at elevated temperatures is a prerequisite for a more definite and precise interpretation of solubility data for solid compounds in high-temperature solutions