CITIZENSHIP IN THE STRUCTURE OF SOCIO-POLITICAL ORIENTATIONS OF RUSSIAN YOUTH: PLACE AND ROLE IN STATEHOOD STRENGTHENING

Purpose of the study: In this study, we analyze citizenship in the structure of socio-political orientations of Russian youth and explore the youth role in strengthening statehood and formation of civil society institutions. The development of active citizenship values in sociopolitical orientations of Russian youth is determined by the need to change relations between the state and society. The citizens shall develop civic responsibility and civil initiatives and control the institutions of power. Methodology: The theory of social anomie and the concept of socio-cultural crisis serve the methodological basis for this study. This theory explores the eclectic nature of citizenship ideas in the youth environment. The civilizational approach makes it possible to investigate features of citizenship idea and practice information of Western European and Russian cultural traditions. All that is methodologically significant in tracking citizenship specificity of the Russian youth. The integrated approach becomes a conceptual one in this study as it treats the citizenship of Russian youth as a complex multi-component phenomenon. This phenomenon includes moral, legal and socio-political attitudes reflecting the various aspects of relations in the "man-society-state" system. Results: We conclude that in the citizenship of Russian youth there dominate two main attitudes: liberal and paternalistic. In the liberal aspect, the young people consider citizenship to be awareness of their civil rights and responsibilities, a kind of rational and active behavior corresponding to democratic political system. Paternalistic attitudes are manifested in loyalty to the state. Paternalists consider the state to be the political institution that is solely responsible for the present and future of the young people. Applications of this study: The results allow us to understand the significance of citizenship as an ethic-legal quality of personality that strengthens Russian statehood and the importance of agreement (contract) between government and society. The results discovered the need for the citizens to be engaged in solving the state's socially significant problems. The state shall also develop a favorable institutional environment for civil socialization and self-realization of the young people. Novelty/Originality of this study: The eclectic nature of Russian youth citizenship points at hindering factors in the development of active and responsible citizenship as the youth ability to self-organize and solve socially significant problems. The main factors hindering the process of civil activity formation among the young people are the stable etatist-paternalistic traditions of political culture and institutions of Russian civil society. Although, development of youth citizenship is a well-managed process. It requires the youth policy to be the stimulating and guiding force. This force is necessary to solve the problems of legal personality type formation. Such a personality is characterized by politically and socially active civic-mindedness

Characteristics of new cases of infiltrative pulmonary tuberculosis in patients having HIV infection with multidrug resistance of the pathogen according to multi-layer spiral computed tomography

Background. Identification of the characteristics of the pulmonary tuberculosis process using multi-layer spiral computed tomography (MSCT) in patients with tuberculosis and HIV infection is important in the diagnosis of tuberculosis, determining the dissemination of the process and its dynamics during treatment. The aim. To determine the initial characteristics and dynamics of infiltrative tuberculosis according to MSCT in patients with and without HIV infection, with and without multidrug resistance (MDR) of Mycobacterium tuberculosis who were treated in a hospital. Materials and methods. 126 patients aged 19–59 years with tuberculosis, combined with HIV infection and without HIV infection were examined. For statistical processing, we used MS Excel (Microsoft Corp., USA) software package. Results. Patients with tuberculosis and HIV infection in comparison with patients with tuberculosis and without HIV had more expressed intoxication syndrome and respiratory impairement in the clinical picture (p < 0.00001). Patients with coinfection were more likely to suffer from alcohol (p  <  0.05) and drug addiction (p < 0.001). According to MSCT, the pathological process in HIV-positive patients with pulmonary tuberculosis was more disseminated (p < 0.05), included severe intrathoracic lymphadenopathy (p < 0.0001), more common pleural lesions (p < 0.005), less common destructive changes (cavities) (p < 0.001) and outcomes in form of fibro-cavernous tuberculosis (p < 0.01). Process regression was slower in patients with tuberculosis and HIV (p < 0.005). According to MSCT, extensive lung damage, intrathoracic lymphadenopathy were  more often found in patients with MDR in coinfection (p  <  0.05). Cavities and fibro-cavernous tuberculosis outcomes were more common in patients with tuberculosis without HIV infection and with MDR (p < 0.05). Conclusion. MSCT provides detailed information about the pathological process in the lungs and its dynamics under the treatment of tuberculosis and HIV infection

Mutational re-modeling of di-aspartyl intramembrane proteases: uncoupling physiologically-relevant activities from those associated with Alzheimer\u27s disease

The intramembrane proteolytic activities of presenilins (PSEN1/PS1 and PSEN2/PS2) underlie production of beta-amyloid, the key process in Alzheimer\u27s disease (AD). Dysregulation of presenilin-mediated signaling is linked to cancers. Inhibition of the gamma-cleavage activities of PSENs that produce Abeta, but not the epsilon-like cleavage activity that release physiologically essential transcription activators, is a potential approach for the development of rational therapies for AD. In order to identify whether different activities of PSEN1 can be dissociated, we designed multiple mutations in the evolutionary conserved sites of PSEN1. We tested them in vitro and in vivo assays and compared their activities with mutant isoforms of presenilin-related intramembrane di-aspartyl protease (IMPAS1 (IMP1)/signal peptide peptidase (SPP)). PSEN1 auto-cleavage was more resistant to the mutation remodeling than the epsilon-like proteolysis. PSEN1 with a G382A or a P433A mutation in evolutionary invariant sites retains functionally important APP epsilon- and Notch S3- cleavage activities, but G382A inhibits APP gamma-cleavage and Abeta production and a P433A elevates Abeta. The G382A variant cannot restore the normal cellular ER Ca(2+) leak in PSEN1/PSEN2 double knockout cells, but efficiently rescues the loss-of-function (Egl) phenotype of presenilin in C. elegans. We found that, unlike in PSEN1 knockout cells, endoplasmic reticulum (ER) Ca(2+) leak is not changed in the absence of IMP1/SPP. IMP1/SPP with the analogous mutations retained efficiency in cleavage of transmembrane substrates and rescued the lethality of Ce-imp-2 knockouts. In summary, our data show that mutations near the active catalytic sites of intramembrane di-aspartyl proteases have different consequences on proteolytic and signaling functions

LEDs based upon AlGaInP heterostructures with multiple quantum wells: comparison of fast neutrons and gammaquanta irradiation

The paper presents the research results of watt and volt characteristics of LEDs based upon AlGaInP heterostructures with multiple quantum wells in the active region. The research is completed for LEDs (emission wavelengths 624 nm and 590 nm) under irradiation by fast neutron and gamma-quanta in passive powering mode. Watt-voltage characteristics in the average and high electron injection areas are described as a power function of the operating voltage. It has been revealed that the LEDs transition from average electron injection area to high electron injection area occurs by overcoming the transition area. It disappears as it get closer to the limit result of the irradiation LEDs that is low electron injection mode in the entire supply voltage range. It has been established that the gamma radiation facilitates initial defects restructuring only 42% compared to 100% when irradiation is performed by fast neutrons. Ratio between measured on the boundary between low and average electron injection areas current value and the contribution magnitude of the first stage LEDs emissive power reducing is established. It is allows to predict LEDs resistance to irradiation by fast neutrons and gamma rays

Main principles of developing exploitation models of semiconductor devices

The paper represents primary tasks, solutions of which allow to develop the exploitation modes of semiconductor devices taking into account complex and combined influence of ionizing irradiation and operation factors. The structure of the exploitation model of the semiconductor device is presented, which is based on radiation and reliability models. Furthermore, it was shown that the exploitation model should take into account complex and combine influence of various ionizing irradiation types and operation factors. The algorithm of developing the exploitation model of the semiconductor devices is proposed. The possibility of creating the radiation model of Schottky barrier diode, Schottky field-effect transistor and Gunn diode is shown based on the available experimental data. The basic exploitation model of IRLEDs based upon double AlGaAs heterostructures is represented. The practical application of the exploitation models will allow to output the electronic products with guaranteed operational properties

НЕИНВАЗИВНАЯ ОЦЕНКА ЖЕСТКОСТИ СОСУДИСТОЙ СТЕНКИ У ЗДОРОВЫХ ПОДРОСТКОВ, ИМЕЮЩИХ ФАКТОРЫ РИСКА РАЗВИТИЯ АРТЕРИАЛЬНОЙ ГИПЕРТЕНЗИИ

Objective. To evaluate the main indicators characterizing the rigidity of the vascular wall in healthy ado-lescents with such risk factors (RF) for arterial hypertension (AH) as a family history on hypertension and smoking. Identify changes in the initial elastic-elastic properties of the arteries at the preclinical stage of development of hypertension.Material and methods. It was formed two groups of comparison. Age studied from 13 to 17 years (mean age (15.00 ± 0.31) years). The first group consisted of 30 healthy adolescents whose parents suffer from hypertension from a young age. The second group consisted of 30 healthy smokers teenager from healthy parents. The control group consisted of 30 healthy adolescents from healthy parents. Determines the basic stiffness of the vascular wall: PWV, CAVI, SAI.Results. A significant in crease in the indicators characterizing the rigidity of the vascular wall in the two comparison groups relative to the control. PWV: 6,89 ± 0,56 (first group), 7.13 ± 0.55 (second group) and 5.5 ± 0.41 (control), p < 0.05.L-CAVI: 5,46 ± 0,39 (first group), 5.84 ± 0.61 (second group) and 4.32 ± 0.41 (control), p < 0.05.R-CAVI: 5,63 ± 0,39 (first group), 5.89 ± 0.56 (second group) and 4.49 ± 0.41(control), p < 0.05. R-AI: 0,89 ± 0,09 (first group), 0.95 ± 0.12 (second group) and 0.62 ± 0.1 (control), p < 0.05.Smoking teenagers and adolescents with family history of hypertension, there are changes in the initial stiffness of the vessel wall, which requires the allocation of at-riskfor the development of hypertension and prevention activities at the preclinical stage of development ofthe disease.Цель исследования – оценить основные показатели, характеризующие жесткость сосудистой стен-ки у здоровых подростков, имеющих такие факторы риска (ФР) развития артериальной гипертен-зии (АГ) как семейная отягощенность по АГ и курение. Выявить начальные изменения упруго- эластических свойств артерий на доклиническом этапе развития АМатериал и методы. Были сформированы две группы сравнения. Возраст исследуемых варьиро-вал от 13 до 17 лет (средний возраст (15,00 ± 0,31) года). Первую группу составили 30 здоровых подростков, родители которых страдают АГ с молодого возраста. Вторая группа включала 30 здо-ровых курящих подростков, имеющих здоровых родителей. Группа контроля была сформирована из 30 здоровых подростков от здоровых родителей. Определялись основные показатели жесткости сосудистой стенки: PWV, CAVI, СAI.Результаты. Выявлено статистически значимое повышение показателей, характеризующих жест-кость сосудистой стенки, в обеих группах сравнения по отношению к контролю. PWV: 6,89 ± 0,56 (1-я группа), 7,13 ± 0,55 (2-я группа) и 5,50 ± 0,41 (контроль), р < 0,05. L-CAVI: 5,46 ± 0,39 (1-я группа), 5,84 ± 0,61 (2-я группа) и 4,32 ± 0,41 (контроль), р < 0,05. R-CAVI: 5,63 ± 0,39 (1-я груп-па), 5,89 ± 0,56 (2-я группа) и 4,49 ± 0,41 (контроль), р < 0,05. R-AI: 0,89 ± 0,09 (1-я группа), 0,95 ± 0,12 (2-я группа) и 0,62 ± 0,10 (контроль), р < 0,05.У курящих подростков и подростков с отягощенной наследственностью по АГ присутствуют на-чальные изменения жесткости сосудистой стенки, что требует выделения их в группу риска по развитию АГ и проведения профилактических мероприятий на доклиническом этапе развития заболевания

Some pharmacogenetic aspects of the <i>ABCB1</i> gene in lopinavir / ritonavir concentration variability in children with HIV infection: A pilot study

Polymorphic variants of the multidrug resistance gene (ABCB1 or MDR1) are associated with changes in the absorption and transport of drugs in the body. One of the substrates of the ABCB1 transporter is an antiretroviral drug from the class of protease inhibitors, lopinavir.   The aim. To research the effect of polymorphic variants C1236T and C3435T in the ABCB1 gene on the plasma concentration of lopinavir / ritonavir in children and adolescents living with HIV infection.   Methods. The genotypes of polymorphic variants of the ABCB1 gene were identified in 136 HIV infected children and adolescents; median age – 10 [7–12] years. The plasma concentration of lopinavir / ritonavir was measured from blood taken during the next scheduled appointment as part of dispensary observation at the Irkutsk Regional AIDS Centre using high performance liquid chromatography.   Results. The average duration of lopinavir/ritonavir use as part of an antiretroviral therapy was 55 months. Median viral load in patients was 1 [1–2.03] log 10  copies/ mL; the number of CD4 +  T cells – 38.36 %. The frequency of occurrence of the 3435T and 1236T alleles of the ABCB1 gene was ~50 %. In carriers of the 3435TT genotype, the median lopinavir concentrations 2 and 12 hours after drug intake were 5050.8 [3615.8–5847.7] and 2665.5 [216–4896.3] ng/mL, respectively. In carriers of the 1236TT genotype, median lopinavir concentrations 2 and 12 hours after drug intake were 4913.5 [3355.1–5733.7] and 3290.6 [159.1–4972.5] ng/mL, respectively.   Conclusions. The study did not reveal a significant relationship between the carriage of the C3435T and C1236T genotypes of the ABCB1 gene and the concentrations of lopinavir and ritonavir 2 and 12 hours after drug intake

The First Saint Petersburg Regional Inflammatory Bowel Diseases Registry on the Basis of the Regional Health Information System: Principles of Functioning, Testing Results, Plan of Development

Aim: to present the principles of functioning of the regional registry of inflammatory bowel disease (IBD) patients in Saint Petersburg on the basis of the City Health Information System (Saint Petersburg IBD Registry).Key points. The Saint Petersburg IBD Registry consists of General Statistical Module and Clinical Module. The General Statistical Module is intended to analyze the prevalence of ulcerative colitis and Crohn's disease, the number of patient visits to medical institutions; to assess the burden on the healthcare system, demographic characteristics, routing and mortality for the whole region. The Clinical Module allows to assess the IBD features in prospective observation. The register case report form is integrated into the patient's status in the Medical Information System of the medical institution. Saint Petersburg IBD Registry operates on the basis of the Saint Petersburg Medical Center of Information and Analysis within the framework of the Regional Medical Data Collection System of the Russian state information system “Regional Fragment of the Unified State Information System in the Healthcare Branch”. The accumulation of prospective data in the Clinical Module continues, which in the near future will make it possible to test and configure the automated analytical block of the registry.Conclusion. The functioning of the Saint Petersburg IBD Registry allows to achieve following primary goals within region: assessment of the epidemiological features of IBD in Saint Petersburg; dynamic assessment of the disease features; assessment and planning of health care resources required to provide care to IBD patients; improvement of approaches to the treatment taking into account the specifics of the region; assessment of the effectiveness and tolerability of specific treatment including biologics

Technologies of Training in Team Sports

The paper addresses issues of modern technologies of sports training in soccer. Trends of wrong methodic, technical and practical approaches are observed in contemporary sports practice. Based on exhisting data and experience success in team sports requires adequate and appropriate complex control of physical, physiologic, psychological and specific skills changes in athletes. The main objectives of athletes' complex control in professional team athletes are highlighted.Технология спортивной подготовки в игровых видах спорта часто представляет собой проблему для тренеров- преподавателей, которые ставят перед собой максимальные цели, направленные на высокие результаты и достижения. В большинстве своём наблюдается тенденция неправильного методического, тактико-технического и практического подхода тренеров- преподавателей по спортивной подготовке в игровых видах спорта. Для построения эффективного тренировочного процесса, направленного на достижение высоких результатов, крайне важно решение ряда задач. В частности, выявить наиболее существенные черты основного содержания и закономерностей построения тренировки, подобрать соответствующие поставленным задачам средства и методы тренировки, оценить эффективность используемых методов и средств в тренировочном процессе и использовать средства восстановления спортивной работоспособности