209 research outputs found

    Kanahaukan pesÀnpuolustuskÀyttÀytyminen

    Get PDF
    Parental investment (PI) tarkoittaa erityisesti emon pÀÀtöstĂ€ panostaa resursseja nykyisiin jĂ€lkelĂ€isiinsĂ€ tulevien kustannuksella. KyseessĂ€ on optimointiongelma, jossa panostuksen pitĂ€isi olla suurin silloin, kun saavutettavissa oleva kelpoisuushyöty on kustannuksiin nĂ€hden paras mahdollinen. Aktiivinen pesĂ€npuolustuskĂ€yttĂ€ytyminen on yksi tĂ€rkeimpiĂ€ PI:n muotoja. Sen on katsottu nostavan poikasten selviytymistodennĂ€köisyyttĂ€, mutta sisĂ€ltĂ€vĂ€n toisaalta riskin emon loukkaantumisesta, eli pahimmassa tapauksessa sekĂ€ nykyisten ettĂ€ kaikkien tulevien jĂ€lkelĂ€isten menettĂ€misestĂ€. PesĂ€npuolustuksen aktiivisuus kertoo siis emojen riskinottohalukkuudesta. Siihen vaikuttavista tekijöistĂ€ on esitetty lukuisia hypoteeseja, mutta yleistykset perustuvat lĂ€hinnĂ€ varpuslintututkimuksiin. Petolinnut eroavat varpuslinnuista monin tavoin – esimerkiksi sukupuolten vĂ€linen kokodimorfia on petolinnuilla suuri – ja petolintututkimusten tulokset eroavat usein muilla lajiryhmillĂ€ tehdyistĂ€ tutkimuksista. TĂ€mĂ€n vuoksi pesĂ€npuolustuskĂ€yttĂ€ytymistĂ€ on syytĂ€ tutkia laajemmin muillakin lajeilla. Tutkin atrappikokeiden avulla kanahaukkanaaraiden (Accipiter gentilis) pesĂ€npuolustuskĂ€yttĂ€ytymistĂ€ pesĂ€poikasaikana etelĂ€isellĂ€ Pohjanmaalla kesĂ€llĂ€ 2005. Huomioin pesĂ€npuolustukseen mahdollisesti vaikuttavina tekijöinĂ€ poikueen iĂ€n, poikueen kunnon, pesinnĂ€n ajoittumisen, reviirin laadun, atrapin tyypin sekĂ€ koiraan lĂ€snĂ€olon. Brood value -hypoteesin mukaan nykyisiin jĂ€lkelĂ€isiin kannattaa panostaa eniten silloin, kun niiden suhteellinen lisÀÀntymisarvo on suuri. Vulnerability-hypoteesi taas ennustaa, ettĂ€ puolustuksen on oltava sitĂ€ aktiivisempaa, mitĂ€ suuremmassa vaarassa poikaset ovat. Uudempi harm to offspring -hypoteesi puolestaan laskee, ettĂ€ mitĂ€ kiireellisemmin emon on pÀÀstĂ€vĂ€ takaisin pesĂ€lle huolehtimaan poikasistaan, sitĂ€ aktiivisempaa pesĂ€npuolustuksen pitĂ€isi olla. Analysoin aineiston tilastollisesti ordinaaliregressio-menetelmĂ€llĂ€, ja parhaaksi valittu malli selitti noin puolet puolustusaktiivisuudessa havaitusta vaihtelusta. Aktiivisuus ei noussut poikasten iĂ€n mukana, mikĂ€ on vastoin useimpia muita tutkimustuloksia. Havainto voi johtua brood value ja harm to offspring -hypoteesien mukaisten ennusteiden pĂ€invastaisesta ja siten toisensa kumoavasta vaikutuksesta. Heikkokuntoisia poikueita puolustettiin aktiivisemmin kuin hyvĂ€kuntoisia, mikĂ€ tukee harm to offspring -hypoteesia, mutta myöhĂ€isten poikueiden aikaisia aktiivisempaa puolustamista on vaikea selittÀÀ. Reviirin laatu ei vaikuttanut kĂ€yttĂ€ytymiseen. Vulnerability-hypoteesin mukaisesti sekĂ€ emoille ettĂ€ poikasille vaarallinen huuhkaja-atrappi aiheutti voimakkaammat reaktiot kuin kanahaukka-atrappi, eli pedon vaarallisuus poikasille oli tĂ€rkeĂ€mpÀÀ kuin pedon vaarallisuus emolle. Naaras oli pÀÀvastuussa pesĂ€npuolustuksesta. TĂ€mĂ€ ei luultavasti ole kuitenkaan kÀÀnteisen kokodimorfian syy tai seuraus, vaan työnjako johtuu siitĂ€, ettĂ€ naaras viettÀÀ paljon enemmĂ€n aikaa pesĂ€llĂ€. Koiraan lĂ€snĂ€olo ei vaikuttanut naaraan kĂ€yttĂ€ytymiseen. PesĂ€npuolustusaktiivisuus oli yleisesti ottaen melko matalaa, mutta emojen kĂ€ytös vaihteli paljon yksilöllisesti. ElĂ€inten yksilölliset kĂ€yttĂ€ytymiserot ovat viime vuosina nousseet aktiiviseksi tutkimuskohteeksi, ja on syytĂ€ epĂ€illĂ€, ettĂ€ myös tĂ€mĂ€n tutkimuksen tuloksiin vaikuttivat erot emolintujen persoonallisuudessa. Voi jopa olla, ettĂ€ poikueen ominaisuudet eivĂ€t suoraan vaikuta emojen kĂ€ytökseen, vaan emojen yksilöllinen persoonallisuus vaikuttaa poikueen ominaisuuksiin ja sitĂ€ kautta PI:n tasoon. MikÀÀn yksittĂ€inen hypoteesi ei selvĂ€sti pysty selittĂ€mÀÀn kaikkia tuloksia, vaan emojen pÀÀtöksenteossa painottuvat eri tekijĂ€t eri painoarvoilla tilanteesta riippuen. Mahdollisissa jatkotutkimuksissa olisi pyrittĂ€vĂ€ selvittĂ€mÀÀn erityisesti persoonallisuuserojen vaikutusta PI:n optimointiin yleensĂ€

    Investigating openness of the cultural landscape: a methodological proposal

    Get PDF
    Openness and closure, understood as a physiognomic property of landscape, characterises the possibility of observing far out horizons and broad vistas. The degree of openness of landscape can be treated as a synthetic indicator of the evolution of the natural-cultural environment. A change in the degree of openness / closure of landscape is a lengthy historical-cultural process, lasting hundreds or even thousands of years. It has different course and dynamics in various climatic and vegetation zones. The purpose of the present article is to propose and describe a method of assessment and interpretation of the degree of actual openness of the cultural landscape and to discuss the results obtained, and of comparing the methodology proposed with analogous European elaborates. The average percentage of openness of landscape was assessed according to five classes. The source base for the study was constituted by the satellite images, Corine Land Cover maps, made legible through comparison with the land use maps presenting the state as of the turn of the 21st century. The method here proposed allows for the assessment of the continuous variability of landscapes, expressing the gradient from open to closed landscapes

    Is it possible to forecast changes in Poland’s cultural landscape? A sketch of geographical issues. Part 1 - driving forces

    Get PDF
    W badaniach krajobrazu kulturowego duĆŒÄ… rolę odgrywa podejƛcie ewolucyjne, wyjaƛniające obecny jego stan przez analizę zmian w minionych stuleciach. Kolejnym etapem badaƄ krajobrazowych, o duĆŒym walorze praktycznym, staje się przewidywanie zmian krajobrazu. Prognozowanie stanowi bardzo waĆŒny element teoretycznych badaƄ naukowych. W artykule zwrĂłcono uwagę na potrzebę takich prognoz, omĂłwiono trudnoƛci związane z ich opracowywaniem. Uzasadniono, dlaczego w Polsce najdalszy horyzont czasowy prognoz krajobrazowych sięgać moĆŒe nie dalej niĆŒ do 2050 r. Ukazano czynniki: ƛrodowiskowe, polityczne, ekonomiczne, spoƂeczne, biopsychiczne populacji, demograficzne, kulturowe i regionalne, ktĂłre do 2050 r. wpƂywać będą z duĆŒym prawdopodobieƄstwem na ewolucję krajobrazu kulturowego Polski. PrzyszƂe jego zmiany – efekty dziaƂania siƂ sprawczych zostaną omĂłwione zostaną w kolejnym artykule. The evolutionary approach, which explains the current condition of the cultural landscape by analysing changes within it over the past centuries, plays an important part in cultural landscape research. The next stage of landscape research with a high practical value is the forecasting of changes in the landscape. Forecasting is a substantial element of theoretical research. This article points out the need for such forecasts and discusses the difficulties that might appear while preparing them. It explains why the furthest time horizon for landscape forecasts in Poland may not reach further than the year 2050. It presents environmental, political, economic, social, biopsychic, demographic, cultural and regional factors that will most probably determine the evolution of the cultural landscape in Poland until 2050. Future changes in the cultural landscape – results of the discussed driving forces – will be dealt with in the next article

    Laryngeal aspergilloma: a complication of inhaled fluticasone therapy for asthma

    Full text link
    Primary laryngeal aspergillosis in immunocompetent patients is rare.We describe a case of a 59-year-old woman with laryngeal aspergillosis thought to be second-ary to long-term inhaled fluticasone therapy. Laryngeal aspergillosis may be an underrecognized complication of inhaled corticosteroid therapy

    La dĂ©gradation de l’environnement en Pologne

    Get PDF
    En Pologne, la perception de l’ampleur de la dĂ©gradation de l’environnement et la possibilitĂ© de rĂ©aliser des Ă©tudes objectives sont assez rĂ©centes. L’auteur retrace l’histoire de cette prise de conscience et dĂ©crit les moyens cartographiques mis en Ɠuvre pour analyser l’état de l’environ­nement.Environmental deterioration in Poland In Poland, the consciousness of the extent of the environmental deterioration and the possibility of conducting objective environmental studies are quite recent. The paper relates the story of this increasing consciousness and describes the development of environmental maps

    Prognozowane zmiany wybranych elementów krajobrazu kulturowego polski do roku 2050. Szkic geograficzny – Częƛć 2

    Get PDF
    tekst rĂłwnolegle w j. pol. i j. ang.W artykule przedstawiono prawdopodobną ewolucję i prognozowany stan elementĂłw/skƂadnikĂłw krajobrazu kulturowego Polski w 2050 r. Ekstrapolując obserwowane procesy przyrodnicze, trendy spoƂeczno-gospodarcze i kulturowe, omĂłwiono: uwarunkowane antropogenicznie efekty zmian szaty roƛlinnej i wĂłd powierzchniowych, przewidywane krajobrazowe zmiany w strukturze upraw i wƂasnoƛci w rolnictwie, efekty rozwoju osadnictwa, i alternatywnych ĆșrĂłdeƂ energii. Przedstawiony scenariusz obejmuje takĆŒe krajobrazowe skutki: globalizacji, oczekiwanego napƂywu imigrantĂłw, multikulturowoƛci i przeciwstawnych tendencji historycyzmu. Postuluje się wykonanie regionalnych i lokalnych prognoz zmian krajobrazowych oraz dalsze prace metodyczne, co pozwoli na lepszą ochronę walorĂłw krajobrazu kulturowego Polski. ZaƂoĆŒenia teoretyczne i czynniki krajobrazotwĂłrcze omĂłwiono w poprzednim artykule Myga-Piątek, Plit, Plit 2019. PoniĆŒszy tekst jest jego kontynuacją

    La dĂ©gradation de l’environnement en Pologne

    Get PDF
    En Pologne, la perception de l’ampleur de la dĂ©gradation de l’environnement et la possibilitĂ© de rĂ©aliser des Ă©tudes objectives sont assez rĂ©centes. L’auteur retrace l’histoire de cette prise de conscience et dĂ©crit les moyens cartographiques mis en Ɠuvre pour analyser l’état de l’environ­nement.Environmental deterioration in Poland In Poland, the consciousness of the extent of the environmental deterioration and the possibility of conducting objective environmental studies are quite recent. The paper relates the story of this increasing consciousness and describes the development of environmental maps

    The Attachment Story Completion Test : analysing the emergent themes and object relations of a South African protocol.

    Get PDF
    Attachment theory has implications for relational functioning across the lifespan. The attachment experience of institutionalised children in South Africa is understudied. Using a psychoanalytic perspective as an addition to thematic analysis of the ASCT, this research aims to add to the functional perspective of attachment, an internal psychic frame of reference with which to view attachment of at risk children in South Africa. Using 58 ASCT protocols, divided between children’s homes and hospitals, stories were analysed using thematic content analysis and discussed with an object relations perspective. Results suggest the inclusion of additional categories of attachment to the current classification system as well as a deeper relational understanding of the experience of insecure attachment. This has implications for the current understanding and classification of attachment

    The lung in progressive systemic sclerosis (scleroderma)

    Get PDF
    Click on the link to view

    Egypt’s deserts – geotourist attraction

    Get PDF
    In Egypt we can find all the classic desert landscapes: clayey, sand, gravell deserts and rocks hammadas. Here and there occurs oasis shaded with the palms and alkali shotts, dry wadi and shifting sward dunes. Diversity of relief and geology of different types of the deserts determined the variety of hydrography, specific plant cover and vegetation of Sahara’s severity of the subtropical climate. Admiration of the various kinds of deserts is possible during the trip along the range of the New Valley paralleled to the Nile River Valley. The following oasis are worth to be seen: El Charga, Mut, Balat, Dahla, El Qasr Farafra, El Heim Bahariya and Siwa
    • 

    corecore