Minimal information for studies of extracellular vesicles (MISEV2023): From basic to advanced approaches

Extracellular vesicles (EVs), through their complex cargo, can reflect the state of their cell of origin and change the functions and phenotypes of other cells. These features indicate strong biomarker and therapeutic potential and have generated broad interest, as evidenced by the steady year-on-year increase in the numbers of scientific publications about EVs. Important advances have been made in EV metrology and in understanding and applying EV biology. However, hurdles remain to realising the potential of EVs in domains ranging from basic biology to clinical applications due to challenges in EV nomenclature, separation from non-vesicular extracellular particles, characterisation and functional studies. To address the challenges and opportunities in this rapidly evolving field, the International Society for Extracellular Vesicles (ISEV) updates its 'Minimal Information for Studies of Extracellular Vesicles', which was first published in 2014 and then in 2018 as MISEV2014 and MISEV2018, respectively. The goal of the current document, MISEV2023, is to provide researchers with an updated snapshot of available approaches and their advantages and limitations for production, separation and characterisation of EVs from multiple sources, including cell culture, body fluids and solid tissues. In addition to presenting the latest state of the art in basic principles of EV research, this document also covers advanced techniques and approaches that are currently expanding the boundaries of the field. MISEV2023 also includes new sections on EV release and uptake and a brief discussion of in vivo approaches to study EVs. Compiling feedback from ISEV expert task forces and more than 1000 researchers, this document conveys the current state of EV research to facilitate robust scientific discoveries and move the field forward even more rapidly

A complex choristoma presenting as a salmon patch lesion in the bulbar conjunctiva

Purpose: We describe a rare case of a complex choristoma appearing as a salmon-patch lesion in the nasal conjunctiva. While benign, complex choristomas are grossly indistinguishable from malignant lesions, and an excisional biopsy is warranted to confirm the diagnosis. Observations: A 31-year-old man presented with an elevated glistening pink mass on the conjunctiva. An excisional biopsy with a “no-touch” technique was performed, followed by placement of an amniotic membrane graft without postoperative complications. No subsequent medical treatment was pursued after the biopsy and histopathologic evaluation. Histopathology confirmed a diagnosis of a complex choristoma with sections consisting of fibroadipose tissue with cartilage, smooth muscle, and nerves. Histopathology was negative for malignant cells without morphologic evidence of a lymphoma. Conclusions and Importance: Conjunctival tumors are difficult to distinguish clinically, and a differential diagnosis often includes the possibility of a malignancy. Histopathologic diagnosis may be required to distinguish between various entities. In our case, a salmon-patch conjunctival tumor was biopsied and confirmed to be a benign complex choristoma. Keywords: Choristoma, Complex choristoma, Conjunctiva, Conjunctival pathology, Conjunctival tumo

Importância da avaliação genético-clínica na hidrocefalia Importance of the clinical genetics evaluation on hydrocephalus

Os objetivos deste estudo foram caracterizar a presença de possíveis quadros de etiologia genética entre portadores de hidrocefalia congênita de etiologia não anteriormente esclarecida e confirmar aqueles com etiologia identificada previamente. A casuística compôs-se de 16 pacientes portadores de hidrocefalia congênita. O protocolo de investigação incluiu anamnese, investigação de história familial, exame clínico-dismorfológico, tomografia computadorizada ou ressonância magnética de sistema nervoso central, radiografia vertebral simples, cariótipo e estudo dismorfológico. Para análise dos resultados, a casuística foi dividida em dois grupos. O Grupo I (3M:6F) caracterizado por indivíduos com hidrocefalia e sinais clínicos inespecíficos; o Grupo II (7M), em que os indivíduos apresentavam hidrocefalia congênita e sinais sugestivos do espectro da doença L1. Orientação genética específica foi possível em 11 casos. Os resultados demonstram a heterogeneidade etiológica envolvida na hidrocefalia, evidenciando a necessidade de avaliação clínico-dismorfológica como instrumento complementar na investigação dessa condição clínica.<br>The aim of this study was to characterize the possibility of genetic etiology in a group of individuals with congenital hydrocephalus in which the etiology was indeterminate and to confirm that earlier diagnosed. The casuistry was composed by 16 individuals with congenital hydrocephalus. Investigation protocol included anamnesis, familial investigation, physical examination, computerized tomography or magnetic resonance image of head, vertebral column X-ray, karyotype and dysmorphological study. Results were analyzed in two groups. In Group I (3M:9F) was composed by hydrocephalus associated with unspecific signs. Group II (7 males) had findings of epectrum of L1 disease. Genetic counseling could be offered in 11 cases. These results demonstrate the great etiological heterogeneity of congenital hydrocephalus and reinforce the importance of dysmphology evaluation as an important complementary investigation