Physik verhält sich zu Ingenieurwissenschaften wie Psychologische Grundlagenforschung zu »Psychoklempnerei«? Eine interdisziplinäre Replik und weiterführende Fragen zur gegenwärtigen Psychologie

Es wird Stellung genommen zu Versuchen, die Psychologie am Vorbild der Physik zu orientieren, insbesondere das Verhältnis dieser Disziplin zu den Ingenieurwissenschaften heranzuziehen, um eine Trennung von psychologischer Grundlagenforschung und Anwendungsfächern zu propagieren. Zunächst galt es, die realen Beziehungen zwischen Physik und Ingenieurwissenschaften darzustellen, um zu zeigen, dass von daher keine Veranlassung zu der genannten Trennung besteht. Gerade deshalb lassen sich aber auch sehr globale Gemeinsamkeiten dieser Disziplinen mit der Psychologie feststellen, wenn unter epistemologischen Aspekten systemtheoretisch-ganzheitliche Perspektiven beachtet werden. Sobald man jedoch die Inhalte der jeweiligen Forschungsgegenstände betrachtet, zeigt sich, dass Vergleiche der Wissenschaft vom Verhalten und Erleben mit Physik (und Ingenieurwissenschaft) verfehlt sind.Physical science is to engineering as basic research in psychology is to »psychological plumbing«? An interdisciplinary counter-plea and some following questions concerning contemporary psychologyThe authors express their opinion on the endeavour of aligning psychology after the model of physics, especially to bring into play the relation of the latter with engineering, in order to propagate a separation of pure basic psychological science and applied disciplines. In the first instance the intention was to describe the real connexions between physics and engineering and hence there is no cause for the separation mentioned. For this very reason it is also possible to state some similarities between these disciplines and psychology. This is true if one considers general systemtheoretical or holistic perspectives from an epistemological view. But whenever the concrete subjects of research are under examination then it is becoming evident that there is no sense in comparisons between psychology and physics (including engineering)

Completion of the 8 MW Multi-Frequency ECRH System at ASDEX Upgrade

Over the last 15 years, the Electron Cyclotron Resonance Heating (ECRH) system at the ASDEX Upgrade tokamak has been upgraded from a 2 MW, 2 s, 140 GHz system to an 8 MW, 10 s, dual frequency system (105/140 GHz). Eight gyrotrons were in routine operation during the current experimental campaign. All gyrotrons are step-tunable operating at 105 and 140 GHz with a maximum output power of about 1 MW and 10 s pulse length. The system includes 8 transmission lines, mainly consisting of oversized corrugated waveguides (I.D. = 87 mm) with overall lengths between 50 and 70 meters including quasi-optical sections at both ends. Further improvements of the transmission lines with respect to power handling and reliability are underway

Exploring fusion-reactor physics with high-power electron cyclotron resonance heating on ASDEX Upgrade

The electron cyclotron resonance heating (ECRH) system of the ASDEX Upgrade tokomak has been upgraded over the last 15 years from a 2MW, 2 s, 140 GHz system to an 8MW, 10 s, dual frequency system (105/140 GHz). The power exceeds the L/H power threshold by at least a factor of two, even for high densities, and roughly equals the installed ion cyclotron range of frequencies power. The power of both wave heating systems together (>10MW in the plasma) is about half of the available neutral beam injection (NBI) power, allowing significant variations of torque input, of the shape of the heating profile and of Qe/Qi, even at high heating power. For applications at a low magnetic field an X3-heating scheme is routinely in use. Such a scenario is now also forseen for ITER to study the first H-modes at one third of the full field. This versatile system allows one to address important issues fundamental to a fusion reactor: H-mode operation with dominant electron heating, accessing low collisionalities in full metal devices (also related to suppression of edge localized modes with resonant magnetic perturbations), influence of Te/Ti and rotational shear on transport, and dependence of impurity accumulation on heating profiles. Experiments on all these subjects have been carried out over the last few years and will be presented in this contribution. The adjustable localized current drive capability of ECRH allows dedicated variations of the shape of the q-profile and the study of their influence on non-inductive tokamak operation (so far at q$_{95}$>5.3). The ultimate goal of these experiments is to use the experimental findings to refine theoretical models such that they allow a reliable design of operational schemes for reactor size devices. In this respect, recent studies comparing a quasi-linear approach (TGLF) with fully non-linear modeling (GENE) of non-inductive high-beta plasmas will be reported

Physik verhält sich zu Ingenieurwissenschaften wie Psychologische Grundlagenforschung zu "Psychoklempnerei"? : Eine interdisziplinäre Replik und weiterführende Fragen zur gegenwärtigen Psychologie

Es wird Stellung genommen zu Versuchen, die Psychologie am Vorbild der Physik zu orientieren, insbesondere das Verhältnis dieser Disziplin zu den Ingenieurwissenschaften heranzuziehen, um eine Trennung von psychologischer Grundlagenforschung und Anwendungsfächern zu propagieren. Zunächst galt es, die realen Beziehungen zwischen Physik und Ingenieurwisssenschaften darzustellen, um zu zeigen, dass von daher keine Veranlassung zu der genannnten Trennung besteht. Gerade deshalb lassen sich aber auch sehr globale Gemeinsamkeiten dieser Disziplinen mit der Psychologie feststellen, wenn unter epistemologischen Aspekten systemtheoretisch-ganzheitliche Perspektiven beachtet werden. Sobald man jedoch die Inhalte der jeweiligen Forschungsgegenstände betrachtet, zeigt sich, dass Vergleiche der Wissenschaft vom Verhalten und Erleben mit Physik (und Ingenieurwissenschaft) verfehlt sind

Major results from the first plasma campaign of the Wendelstein 7-X stellarator

After completing the main construction phase of Wendelstein 7-X (W7-X) and successfully commissioning the device, first plasma operation started at the end of 2015. Integral commissioning of plasma start-up and operation using electron cyclotron resonance heating (ECRH) and an extensive set of plasma diagnostics have been completed, allowing initial physics studies during the first operational campaign. Both in helium and hydrogen, plasma breakdown was easily achieved. Gaining experience with plasma vessel conditioning, discharge lengths could be extended gradually. Eventually, discharges lasted up to 6 s, reaching an injected energy of 4 MJ, which is twice the limit originally agreed for the limiter configuration employed during the first operational campaign. At power levels of 4 MW central electron densities reached 3 1019 m-3, central electron temperatures reached values of 7 keV and ion temperatures reached just above 2 keV. Important physics studies during this first operational phase include a first assessment of power balance and energy confinement, ECRH power deposition experiments, 2nd harmonic O-mode ECRH using multi-pass absorption, and current drive experiments using electron cyclotron current drive. As in many plasma discharges the electron temperature exceeds the ion temperature significantly, these plasmas are governed by core electron root confinement showing a strong positive electric field in the plasma centre.Peer reviewe