Online Simulation of Radiation Track Structure Project

Space radiation comprises protons, helium and high charged and energy (HZE) particles. High-energy particles are a concern for human space flight, because they are no known options for shielding astronauts from them. When these ions interact with matter, they damage molecules and create radiolytic species. The pattern of energy deposition and positions of the radiolytic species, called radiation track structure, is highly dependent on the charge and energy of the ion. The radiolytic species damage biological molecules, which may lead to several long-term health effects such as cancer. Because of the importance of heavy ions, the radiation community is very interested in the interaction of HZE particles with DNA, notably with regards to the track structure. A desktop program named RITRACKS was developed to simulate radiation track structure. The goal of this project is to create a web interface to allow registered internal users to use RITRACKS remotely

Modelling and Holographic Visualization of Space Radiation-Induced DNA Damage

Space radiation is composed by a mixture of ions of different energies. Among these, heavy inos are of particular importance because their health effects are poorly understood. In. the recent years, a software named RITRACKS (Relativistic Ion Tracks) was developed to simulate the detailed radiation track structure, several DNA models and DNA damage. As the DNA structure is complex due to packing, it is difficult to the damage using a regular computer screen

A Radiation Chemistry Code Based on the Green's Function of the Diffusion Equation

Stochastic radiation track structure codes are of great interest for space radiation studies and hadron therapy in medicine. These codes are used for a many purposes, notably for microdosimetry and DNA damage studies. In the last two decades, they were also used with the Independent Reaction Times (IRT) method in the simulation of chemical reactions, to calculate the yield of various radiolytic species produced during the radiolysis of water and in chemical dosimeters. Recently, we have developed a Green's function based code to simulate reversible chemical reactions with an intermediate state, which yielded results in excellent agreement with those obtained by using the IRT method. This code was also used to simulate and the interaction of particles with membrane receptors. We are in the process of including this program for use with the MonteCarlo track structure code Relativistic Ion Tracks (RITRACKS). This recent addition should greatly expand the capabilities of RITRACKS, notably to simulate DNA damage by both the direct and indirect effect

Calculation of Dose Deposition in Nanovolumes and Simulation of gamma-H2AX Experiments

Monte-Carlo track structure simulations can accurately simulate experimental data: a) Frequency of target hits. b) Dose per event. c) Dose per ion. d) Radial dose. The dose is uniform in micrometers sized voxels; at the nanometer scale, the difference in energy deposition between high and low-LET radiations appears. The calculated 3D distribution of dose voxels, combined with chromosomes simulated by random walk is very similar to the distribution of DSB observed with gamma-H2AX experiments. This is further evidenced by applying a visualization threshold on dose

Monte-Carlo Simulation of Heavy Ion Track Structure Calculation of Local Dose and 3D Time Evolution of Radiolytic Species

Heavy ions have gained considerable importance in radiotherapy due to their advantageous dose distribution profile and high Relative Biological Effectiveness (RBE). Heavy ions are difficult to produce on Earth, but they are present in space and it is impossible at this moment to completely shield astronauts from them. The risk of these radiations is poorly understood, which is a concern for a 3-years Mars mission. The effects of radiation are mainly due to DNA damage such as DNA double-strand breaks (DSBs), although non-targeted effects are also very important. DNA can be damaged by the direct interaction of radiation and by reactions with chemical species produced by the radiolysis of water. The energy deposition is of crucial importance to understand biological effects of radiation. Therefore, much effort has been done recently to improve models of radiation tracks

Développement de codes de simulation Monte-Carlo de la radiolyse de l'eau par des électrons, ions lourds, photons et neutrons applications à divers sujets d'intérêt expérimental

L'eau est un constituant majeur des organismes vivants, composant de 70 à 85% du poids de certaines cellules. Pour cette raison, étant une cible importante des radiations ionisantes, l'eau joue un rôle central en radiobiologie. Les ions lourds, les électrons et les photons vont interagir avec les molécules d'eau par ionisations et excitations. Les neutrons, quant lit eux, vont interagir avec les molécules d'eau par collisions élastiques, générant des ions de recul créant ainsi, à leur tour, des ionisations et des excitations parmi les molécules d'eau. Ces événements très rapides (-10·12 s) amènent la formation d'espèces chimiques excitées de l'oxygène, appelées espèces réactives de l'oxygène (ERO). Les ERO,. et en particulier le radical hydroxyle ('OH), interagissent avec les molécules environnantes comme les protéines, les lipides et les acides nucléiques en les modifiant chimiquement. Des études de microdosimétrie capables d'effectuer l'irradiation sélective de la membrane externe, du cytoplasme et du noyau cellulaire ont démontré que la survie cellulaire était très affectée lorsque le noyau était irradié, contrairement à l'irradiation du cytoplasme ou de la membrane cellulaire. Ces études montrent que l' ADN est un site très sensible aux radicaux libres. Pour cette raison, l'ADN (structure à double hélice, site du code génétique) a longtemps été considérée la molécule la plus importante pour expliquer les effets radiobiologiques, comme la létalité ou l'apoptose cellulaire. Or, ce concept a été ébranlé par des recherches plus récentes démontrant que les rayonnements ionisants n'affectent pas seulement les cellules qui subissent directement l'irradiation, mais également les cellules voisines non touchées par le rayonnement par effet « bystander ». D'autres études ont aussi trouvé qu'un groupe de cellules et son environnement réagissent collectivement lorsqu'ils sont irradiés. Une hypothèse avancée pour expliquer ces phénomènes radiobiologiques suggère qu'une cellule irradiée réagit en sécrétant certaines molécules, affectant ainsi les cellules voisines non-irradiées. Les molécules et les mécanismes impliqués demeurent très mal compris à ce jour.Abstract: Water is a major component of living organisms, which can be 70-85% of the weight of cells. For this reason, water is a main target of ionizing radiations and plays a central role in radiobiology. Heavy ions, electrons and photons interact with water molecules; mainly by ionization and excitation. Neutrons interact with water molecules by elastic interactions, which generate recoil ions that will create ionizations and excitations in water molecules. These fast events (~10[superscript -12] s) lead to the formation of Reactive Oxygen Species (ROS). The ROS, in particular the hydroxyl radical (¨OH), interact with neighbour molecules such as proteins, lipids and nucleic acids by chemical interaction. Microbeams can irradiate selectively either the external membrane, the cytoplasm and the cell nucleus. These studies have shown that cell survival is greatly reduced when the nucleus is irradiated, but that this is not the case when cytoplasm or cell membrane is irradiated. Thus, DNA is a very sensitive site to ionizing radiation and ROS. For this reason, DNA has long been considered the most important molecule to explain radiobiological effects such as cell death. However, this concept has been challenged recently by new experimental results that have shown that cells which have not been directly in contact with radiation are also affected. This is called the bystander effect. Further studies have shown that a group of cells and their environment reacts collectively to radiation. A hypothesis put forward to explain this radiobiological phenomenon is that a irradiated cell will secrete signalling molecules that will affect non-irradiated cells. The implicated phenomenon and molecules are poorly understood at this moment. The purpose of this work is to improve our comprehension of the phenomenon in the microsecond that follows the irradiation. To these ends, a new Monte-Carlo simulation program of water radiolysis by photons has been generated. For photons of energy <2 MeV, they interact with water mainly by Compton and photoelectric effects, which create energetic electrons in water. The created electrons are then followed by our existing programs to simulate the radiolysis of water by photons. Similarly, a new code has been built to simulate the neutrons interaction with water. This code simulates the elastic collisions of a neutron with water molecules and calculates the number and energy of recoil protons and oxygen ions. The main part of this Ph.D. work was the generation of a non-homogeneous Monte-Carlo Step-By-Step (SBS) simulation code of non-homogeneous radiation chemistry. This new program has been used successfully to simulate radiolysis of water by ions of various LET, pH, ion types ([superscript 1]H[superscript +], [superscript 4]He[superscript 2+], [superscript 12]C[superscript 6+]) and temperature. The program has also been used to simulate the dose-rate effect and the Fricke and Ceric dosimeters. More complex systems (glycine, polymer gels and HCN) have also been simulated

Conception d'une interface informatique couplée à un code de simulation Monte-Carlo de la radiolyse de l'eau, permettant la visualisation en trois dimensions de la trajectoire d'une particule chargée incidente et de toutes les espèces radiolytiques formées en fonction du temps

La radiobiologie est une science multidisciplinaire qui s'intéresse à l'effet des radiations sur les êtres vivants. Les recherches entreprises dans cette discipline ont permis de montrer que la matière vivante est très radiosensible, et que les conséquences de l'irradiation au niveau de la cellule peuvent être multiples: mutations, mort cellulaire, vieillissement et carcinogenèse. Il est aussi connu que l'effet indirect des diverses espèces réactives créées par la radiolyse de l'eau (tels que les radicaux ·OH) contribue de façon importante aux lésions de l'ADN et d'autres constituants clés de la cellule comme les mitochondries et les membranes. Les êtres vivants étant constitués d'une quantité importante d'eau (70% en poids), il est crucial de bien comprendre les phénomènes impliqués dans la radiolyse de l'eau. Notre équipe de recherche a développé et raffiné durant les 15 dernières années plusieurs codes qui simulent les trois étapes de la radiolyse de l'eau et des solutions aqueuses: l'étape physique, l'étape physico-chimique et l'étape de chimie hétérogène. [Résumé abrégé par UMI

A Radiation Chemistry Code Based on the Greens Functions of the Diffusion Equation

Ionizing radiation produces several radiolytic species such as.OH, e-aq, and H. when interacting with biological matter. Following their creation, radiolytic species diffuse and chemically react with biological molecules such as DNA. Despite years of research, many questions on the DNA damage by ionizing radiation remains, notably on the indirect effect, i.e. the damage resulting from the reactions of the radiolytic species with DNA. To simulate DNA damage by ionizing radiation, we are developing a step-by-step radiation chemistry code that is based on the Green's functions of the diffusion equation (GFDE), which is able to follow the trajectories of all particles and their reactions with time. In the recent years, simulations based on the GFDE have been used extensively in biochemistry, notably to simulate biochemical networks in time and space and are often used as the "gold standard" to validate diffusion-reaction theories. The exact GFDE for partially diffusion-controlled reactions is difficult to use because of its complex form. Therefore, the radial Green's function, which is much simpler, is often used. Hence, much effort has been devoted to the sampling of the radial Green's functions, for which we have developed a sampling algorithm This algorithm only yields the inter-particle distance vector length after a time step; the sampling of the deviation angle of the inter-particle vector is not taken into consideration. In this work, we show that the radial distribution is predicted by the exact radial Green's function. We also use a technique developed by Clifford et al. to generate the inter-particle vector deviation angles, knowing the inter-particle vector length before and after a time step. The results are compared with those predicted by the exact GFDE and by the analytical angular functions for free diffusion. This first step in the creation of the radiation chemistry code should help the understanding of the contribution of the indirect effect in the formation of DNA damage and double-strand breaks