Fisiologia dels cecs de pollastre

The morphology and physiology of the chicken cecum is reviewed. The large intestine of the chicken is formed by the rectum and the cloaca, and two well developed ceca, which are two blind sacs, tubular in shape, that originate at the junction of the small intestine and the rectum. Light microscopy observation of the epithelium demonstrates that the proximal region has well developed villi, in contrast to distal cecum where they are either small or absent. Information hitherto available on the physiological mechanisms underlying the filling and emptying of the cecurn has been revised, and it is particularly worthy of note that cecum contents may have both ileal and rectal origins. Several functions have been suggested for the cecum of the chicken but much remains to be discovered about its real physiological significance. There is evidence that proteins and complex carbohydrates can be partially digested in the ceca. It is also claimed that the cecum is the site of production of significant amounts of free volatile fatty acids and vitamins, among other compounds. Several authors have observed absorption of electrolytes and water in the cecum. Urine can enter the ceca by a retrograde flux, which suggests that the cecal epithelium plays a role in osmoregulation in fowl, a function which may be of special relevance in dehydrated animals. Recent reports on the sugar-transport characteristics of the chicken cecum indicate that the epithelium of the proximal area possesses an active transport system as efficient as that described in the small intestine. This raises the possibility that ceca are significant in chicken nutrition, since sugar uptake can occur both during cecal filling and emptying. The physiological role of chicken ceca is not well understood. However, it has been shown that ceca are not essential for animal survival, at least in environmental conditions allowing normal feeding and hydration

Acuity, nurse staffing and workforce, missed care and patient outcomes. A cluster-unit-level descriptive comparison

Aim: To compare patient acuity, nurse staffing and workforce, missed nursing care and patient outcomes among hospital unit-clusters. Background: Relationships among acuity, nurse staffing and workforce, missed nursing care and patient outcomes, are not completely understood. Method: Descriptive design with data from four unit-clusters: medical, surgical, combined and stepdown units. Descriptive statistics were used to compare acuity, nurse staffing coverage, education and expertise, missed nursing care, and selected nurse-sensitive outcomes. Results: Patient acuity in general (medical, surgical and combined) floors is similar to step-down units, with an average of 5.6 required RN hours per patient day. In general wards, available RN hours per patient day reach only 50% of required RN hours to meet patient needs. Workforce measures are comparable among unit-clusters, and average missed nursing care is 21%. Patient outcomes vary among unit-clusters. Conclusion:Patient acuity is similar among unit-clusters, whilst nurse staffing coverage is halved in general wards. While RN education, expertise and missed care are comparable among unitclusters, mortality, skin injuries and risk of family compassion fatigue rates are higher in general wards. Implications for nursing management: Nurse managers play a pivotal role in hustling policy-makers to address structural understaffing in general wards, to maximize patient safety outcomes

Factors related to the development of health-promoting community activities in Spanish primary healthcare: two case-control studies

Atenció Primària de Salut; Salut Comunitària; Promoció de la SalutAtención Primaria de Salud; Salud Comunitaria; Promoción de la SaludPrimary Health Care; Community Health; Health PromotionOBJECTIVE: Spanish primary healthcare teams have the responsibility of performing health-promoting community activities (CAs), although such activities are not widespread. Our aim was to identify the factors related to participation in those activities. DESIGN: Two case-control studies. SETTING: Performed in primary care of five Spanish regions. SUBJECTS: In the first study, cases were teams that performed health-promoting CAs and controls were those that did not. In the second study (on case teams from the first study), cases were professionals who developed these activities and controls were those who did not. MAIN OUTCOME MEASURES: Team, professional and community characteristics collected through questionnaires (team managers/professionals) and from secondary sources. RESULTS: The first study examined 203 teams (103 cases, 100 controls). Adjusted factors associated with performing CAs were percentage of nurses (OR 1.07, 95% CI 1.01 to 1.14), community socioeconomic status (higher vs lower OR 2.16, 95% CI 1.18 to 3.95) and performing undergraduate training (OR 0.44, 95% CI 0.21 to 0.93). In the second study, 597 professionals responded (254 cases, 343 controls). Adjusted factors were professional classification (physicians do fewer activities than nurses and social workers do more), training in CAs (OR 1.9, 95% CI 1.2 to 3.1), team support (OR 2.9, 95% CI 1.5 to 5.7), seniority (OR 1.06, 95% CI 1.03 to 1.09), nursing tutor (OR 2.0, 95% CI 1.1 to 3.5), motivation (OR 3.7, 95% CI 1.8 to 7.5), collaboration with non-governmental organisations (OR 1.9, 95% CI 1.2 to 3.1) and participation in neighbourhood activities (OR 3.1, 95% CI 1.9 to 5.1). CONCLUSIONS: Professional personal characteristics, such as social sensitivity, profession, to feel team support or motivation, have influence in performing health-promoting CAs. In contrast to the opinion expressed by many professionals, workload is not related to performance of health-promoting CAs

Clonal chromosomal mosaicism and loss of chromosome Y in elderly men increase vulnerability for SARS-CoV-2

The pandemic caused by severe acute respiratory syndrome coronavirus 2 (SARS-CoV-2, COVID-19) had an estimated overall case fatality ratio of 1.38% (pre-vaccination), being 53% higher in males and increasing exponentially with age. Among 9578 individuals diagnosed with COVID-19 in the SCOURGE study, we found 133 cases (1.42%) with detectable clonal mosaicism for chromosome alterations (mCA) and 226 males (5.08%) with acquired loss of chromosome Y (LOY). Individuals with clonal mosaic events (mCA and/or LOY) showed a 54% increase in the risk of COVID-19 lethality. LOY is associated with transcriptomic biomarkers of immune dysfunction, pro-coagulation activity and cardiovascular risk. Interferon-induced genes involved in the initial immune response to SARS-CoV-2 are also down-regulated in LOY. Thus, mCA and LOY underlie at least part of the sex-biased severity and mortality of COVID-19 in aging patients. Given its potential therapeutic and prognostic relevance, evaluation of clonal mosaicism should be implemented as biomarker of COVID-19 severity in elderly people. Among 9578 individuals diagnosed with COVID-19 in the SCOURGE study, individuals with clonal mosaic events (clonal mosaicism for chromosome alterations and/or loss of chromosome Y) showed an increased risk of COVID-19 lethality

El mòdul de tècniques bàsiques d’infermeria des de les metodologies actives: una proposta de treball diferent

[cat] La formació professional a Espanya ha anat passant per diferents canvis tant normatius com metodològics al llarg dels anys. Els principals reptes de la formació professional en l’actualitat són la formació de les competències professionals, la capacitat de treballar en grup interdisciplinari, el maneig de les tecnologies de la informació i la comunicació i la capacitat d’aprendre a aprendre al llarg de tota la vida. Les metodologies actives són una proposta educativa capaç de donar resposta a totes aquestes necessitats de la formació professional del moment. Algunes de les metodologies actives que es podrien aplicar són: l’aprenentatge cooperatiu, l’aprenentatge basat en problemes, l’aprenentatge basat en projectes, els ambients d’aprenentatge i la simulació. L’aplicació d’aquestes en diferents disciplines de la salut han demostrat notables beneficis per als estudiants. Tot i així, aquestes no es troben de forma àmplia dins les aules de formació professional d’aquesta mateixa àrea. Així doncs, el present treball pretén fer una proposta integradora de diferents metodologies actives pel que fa al cicle formatiu de grau mitjà de cures auxiliars d’infermeria. Aquesta proposta inclou els continguts de quatre mòduls professionals i es planteja al llarg de tot un curs escolar. Compta, també, amb la seqüenciació didàctica, el desenvolupament d’algunes de les activitats didàctiques proposades i l’avaluació d’aquestes mateixes

Fisiologia dels cecs de pollastre

The morphology and physiology of the chicken cecum is reviewed. The large intestine of the chicken is formed by the rectum and the cloaca, and two well developed ceca, which are two blind sacs, tubular in shape, that originate at the junction of the small intestine and the rectum. Light microscopy observation of the epithelium demonstrates that the proximal region has well developed villi, in contrast to distal cecum where they are either small or absent. Information hitherto available on the physiological mechanisms underlying the filling and emptying of the cecurn has been revised, and it is particularly worthy of note that cecum contents may have both ileal and rectal origins. Several functions have been suggested for the cecum of the chicken but much remains to be discovered about its real physiological significance. There is evidence that proteins and complex carbohydrates can be partially digested in the ceca. It is also claimed that the cecum is the site of production of significant amounts of free volatile fatty acids and vitamins, among other compounds. Several authors have observed absorption of electrolytes and water in the cecum. Urine can enter the ceca by a retrograde flux, which suggests that the cecal epithelium plays a role in osmoregulation in fowl, a function which may be of special relevance in dehydrated animals. Recent reports on the sugar-transport characteristics of the chicken cecum indicate that the epithelium of the proximal area possesses an active transport system as efficient as that described in the small intestine. This raises the possibility that ceca are significant in chicken nutrition, since sugar uptake can occur both during cecal filling and emptying. The physiological role of chicken ceca is not well understood. However, it has been shown that ceca are not essential for animal survival, at least in environmental conditions allowing normal feeding and hydration