HIV in New York City: An Overview of Cultural and Social Factors Contributing to an Individual\u27s Decision to Disclose Their Disease Status

will examine what effect cultural norms surrounding race and sexual orientation, as well as four specific social factors (alcohol use during sex, injection drug use, social support and the importance of religion) have on whether an HIV positive individual, specifically an urban homosexual male, chooses to disclose their disease status. This paper will discuss those cultural norms and social factors through the AIDS Risk Reduction Model, available literature, and the data collected by the National Institute of Mental Health for the Positive Connections intervention trial. The data for this paper were pulled from the larger study, and only the 171 HIV positive men from New York City were included in this study sample. Of those included in this sample population, 73.8 percent of whom identified as homosexual. The average age of these men, none of whom were Caucasian, was 42.1 years old. Of those surveyed, 38 percent were intoxicated during anal intercourse, 17 percent have injected drugs, roughly 60 percent had at least some social support, and for 66.1 percent religion plays at least some role in their lives. In total, 42 percent had disclosed their disease status to their primary partner. Data regarding various social factors contributing to disclosure can guide interventionists in adequately targeting the population they are trying to help, such as through social and religious networks. It is expected that increasing awareness of HIV and how to prevent it, will lead HIV positive individuals to openly discuss their disease status with their sexual partners and potentially their family and friends. Additionally, studying the rate of HIV disclosure in a city such as New York City, can provide insight into the cultural dynamic surrounding HIV in other large American cities, such as Los Angeles, Chicago, and Houston and Philadelphia

Factors associated with HIV testing for women during prenatal care

The objectives of this study were to examine the effects of demographics, cues to action, HIV risk appraisal, and practice setting on women’s use of HIV testing during prenatal care. Three hypotheses based on the general theme of the Health Belief Model were tested. Furthermore, a prediction model was tested and a cross validation analysis was conducted to determine the accuracy of the model to predict HIV testing for women during prenatal care. This study reports findings from an examination of the National Survey of Family Growth, Cycle V (N SFG) archival data. Face to face interviews were conducted using the NSFG survey instrument to screen non-incarcerated women (N=1033) ages 15 — 44 regarding childhood/young adult living arrangement history; work history; education, use of family planning and other medical services; clinic data bases; HIV testing; demographic characteristics (including race, age, marital status); child care; health insurance, number of sexual partners; and HIV risk behaviors. HIV testing was measured as a binary variable, determining whether the women received HIV testing during prenatal care

Examination of Behavior Problems in HIV-infected Toddlers: The Role of Maternal Factors.

The present study investigated the frequency and intensity of behavior problems exhibited by Human Immunodeficiency Virus (HIV)-infected toddlers ages 16 to 40 months by comparing them to HIV-exposed toddlers, toddlers at risk for development delays, and healthy toddlers. The role of maternal factors, such as depression, insularity, and stress, in behavior ratings also was considered. Mothers completed a set of questionnaires and the toddlers\u27 developmental status was assessed by a member of the research team. It was hypothesized that HIV-infected children would demonstrate a higher frequency and intensity of behavior problems than children in the three equivalent control groups. With regard to maternal factors, it was expected that mothers of HIV-infected and HIV-exposed children would endorse higher levels of depression, insularity, and stress than mothers of developmentally at-risk or healthy toddlers. Results indicated that HIV-exposed toddlers exhibited a significantly higher frequency of behavior problems than healthy control toddlers. Contrary to expectation, HIV-infected toddlers\u27 behavior did not significantly differ from any group. HIV-infected mothers reported higher levels of depression and insularity than uninfected mothers. For HIV-infected mothers, a higher frequency of behavior problems was significantly associated only with parental stress. Overall, these data suggest that HIV-exposed toddlers, although not often a focus of research and clinical attention, represent a group of toddlers at risk for behavior problems

Tuberculosis: a demographic analysis and social study of admissions to a children's sanatorium (1936-1954) in Stannington, Northumberland

This study analyses the data from medical records from a former tuberculous sanatorium for children at Stannington, Morpeth, Northumberland. It focuses on the demographic profile of the sanatorium and also examines the changes in therapy that occurred between 1937 and 1953. The objective of the study was to understand the patterning of tuberculosis in the sanatorium by considering the differences between male and female patients, ages affected, and the socio-economic backgrounds of patients from a sample of patient records taken from pre- and post-antibiotic eras, pre- and post-Second World War, and pre- and post-NHS years. 1,897 patient records were utilized in this study, all held at the Northumberland Record Office at Morpeth. This study was followed in accordance to the limitations given by the Medical Ethics Committee which was to ensure that patient confidentiality would be maintained. A limited database is included with this reasearch, but a complete database will be held in the future at the Northumberland Health Authority, in Morpeth. Overall more females than males were admitted to the sanatorium and all patients from various types of tuberculosis. The majority of the children (over 60%) were suffering from pulmonary tuberculosis, but there were a large number also suffering from tuberculosis of the bones and joints (230 cases or 12%). Most of the children came from poor backgrounds and originated from the Newcastle and Gateshead areas. The introduction of chemotherapy, the end of the Second World War and the implementation of the NHS did not have a great effect on who was being treated at the sanatorium. In conclusion these records hold a wealth of information that may help build an epidemiological model of tuberculosis in the North-East of England. Future work on the records is suggested and limitations of the research outlined

Prevalência de dermatoses inflamatórias e infecciosas conforme a alteração imunológica do paciente pediátrico infectado pelo HIV

Orientador: José Hermenio Cavalcante Lima FilhoInclui apendiceTese (doutorado) - Universidade Federal do Paraná, Setor de Ciências da Saúde, Programa de Pós-Graduação em Saúde da Criança e do Adolescente. Defesa: Curitiba, 2005Inclui bibliografia e anexo