Five-Year Changes in Population Blood Pressure and Hypertension Prevalence. Results from the MONICA Augsburg Surveys 1984/85 and 1989/90.

Two cardiovascular risk factor surveys were carried out in 1984/85 and 1989/90 in the Augsburg study region of the international World Health Organization (WHO) Monitoring Trends and Determinants of Cardiovascular Disease (MONICA) project. Independent random samples of the 25- to 64-year- old population were examined at each survey. Five-year changes in blood pressure (BP) and hypertension parameters were monitored in a population not targeted by any formal intervention program. Response rates in both surveys ranged close to 80%. Evaluation of selected quality indicators confirmed comparability of the two surveys in terms of BP measurement quality. Small but consistent decreases in mean systolic and diastolic BP were observed, particularly for women 35 years and older, whereas BP changes in men were less pronounced and inconsistent. Likewise, downward shifts of the 10th, 50th, and 90th percentiles of systolic and diastolic BP occurred in women and their slopes of BP rise with age decreased while such changes were less clear in men. The age-standardized prevalence of men and women with hypertensive BP (HBP; ≥ 160/95 mm Hg) decreased slightly. This contrasted with rises in the prevalence of actual hypertension (those with HBP plus those taking antihypertensive drugs) for 45- to 64-year-old men, which originated from changes in hypertension management involving a more frequent drug treatment of borderline-hypertensive men (140 to 159/90 to 94 mm Hg) in 1989/90. There were notable overall increases in the awareness, treatment, and control of men and women with hypertension. In summary, based on a monitoring of the Augsburg population, prevention efforts in Germany between 1984/85 and 1989/90 appear to have been particularly successful for high-risk hypertensive individuals from both sexes. In the male population, no clear changes of BP distribution parameters could be detected while changes observed in women above 35 years old may be cautiously interpreted to indicate the onset of a downward shift of the entire BP distribution independent from antihypertensive medication use

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The collector is the main element that affects the solar system's performance. The collector's efficiency is affected by its operating temperature. Different levels of heating were considered for a milk-processing factory. The optimal collector type (i.e. the one with the minimum payback period) that can be used for these levels was deduced.Food industry Milk processing Optimum Payback Solar collector