Alternatives to Zero Tolerance Policies Affecting Students of Color: A Systematic Review

Zero tolerance policies in schools have had many negative impacts on students of color, including the school to prison pipeline where students of color are being funneled from schools into the criminal justice system. The purpose of this systematic literature review was to conduct an exhaustive compilation of research exploring interventions and alternative options to zero tolerance disciplinary policies in schools and to identify their impact on minority students given the extent of research that is available. Empirically based quantitative and qualitative studies based on program effectiveness were included as well as both peer-reviewed and grey literature. Terms for inclusion and exclusion are presented in this review. Fourteen studies met all inclusion criteria and were sorted into four categories using the public health model of prevention: primary, secondary and tertiary levels of prevention, as well as multi-level interventions. Primary level interventions had the most studies, followed by secondary interventions. Only one tertiary intervention was included. The findings indicated that the effectiveness of the interventions presented were inconsistent at each level and pointed out a significant need for more research at all levels of prevention. While zero tolerance discipline policies disproportionately affect minority students, limited research is available on the effects of alternative policies on these students. There is a need for additional research in the development, implementation and effectiveness of alternative programs including staff training and support, long term impacts and standardization among programs and policies

Alternatives to Zero Tolerance Policies Affecting Students of Color: A Systematic Review

Zero tolerance policies in schools have had many negative impacts on students of color, including the “school to prison pipeline” where students of color are being funneled from schools into the criminal justice system. The purpose of this systematic literature review was to conduct an exhaustive compilation of research exploring interventions and alternative options to zero tolerance disciplinary policies in schools and to identify their impact on minority students given the extent of research that is available. Empirically based quantitative and qualitative studies based on program effectiveness were included as well as both peer-reviewed and grey literature. Terms for inclusion and exclusion are presented in this review. Fourteen studies met all inclusion criteria and were sorted into four categories using the public health model of prevention: primary, secondary and tertiary levels of prevention, as well as multi-level interventions. Primary level interventions had the most studies, followed by secondary interventions. Only one tertiary intervention was included. The findings indicated that the effectiveness of the interventions presented were inconsistent at each level and pointed out a significant need for more research at all levels of prevention. While zero tolerance discipline policies disproportionately affect minority students, limited research is available on the effects of alternative policies on these students. There is a need for additional research in the development, implementation and effectiveness of alternative programs including staff training and support, long term impacts and standardization among programs and policies

Changes in morphology and endangered fish habitat of the Colorado River

October 15, 1994.Includes bibliographical references (pages 23-24).Grant no. 14-08-0001-G2008/3, project no. 06; financed in part by the U.S. Dept. of the Interior, Geological Survey

Coupling fluvial-hydraulic models to predict gravel transport in spatially variable flows

This study investigated spatial-temporal variations of shear stress and bed load transport at three gravel bed river reaches of the Williams Fork River, Colorado. A two-dimensional flow model was used to compute spatial distributions of shear stress (τ) for four discharge levels between one third of bankfull (Qbf) and Qbf. Results indicate that mean τ values are highly variable among sites. However, the properties of the mean-normalized distributions of τ are similar across sites for all flows. The distributions of τ are then used with a transport function to compute bed load transport rates of individual grain size fractions. Probability distributions of the instantaneous unit-width transport rates, qb, indicate thatmost of the bed load is transported through small portions of the bed with high τ. The mean-normalized probability distributions of qb are different among sites for all flows except at Qbf, when the distributions overlap. We also find that the grain size distribution (GSD) of the bed load adjusts with discharge to resemble the grain size distribution of the subsurface at Qbf. We extend these results to 13 locations in the basin, using the mean-normalized distributions of shear stress and measured subsurface grain sizes to compute bed load transport rates at Qbf. We found a remarkably similar shape of the qb distribution among sites highlighting the basin-wide balance between flow forces and GSD at Qbf and the potential to predict sediment flux at the watershed scale.KEYWORDS: gravel bed rivers, FaSTMECH, hydraulic modeling, shear stress, bed loadThis is the publisher’s final pdf. The article is copyrighted by American Geophysical Union and published by John Wiley & Sons Ltd. It can be found at: http://agupubs.onlinelibrary.wiley.com/agu/jgr/journal/10.1002/%28ISSN%292169-9011

Characterizing the transient geomorphic response to base-level fall in the northeastern Tibetan Plateau

Analysis of hillslope gradient, landscape relief, and channel steepness in the Daxia River basin provides evidence of a transient geomorphic response to base-level fall on the northeastern Tibetan Plateau. Low-gradient channels and gentle hillslopes of the upper watershed are separated from a steeper, high-relief landscape by a series of convex knickzones along channel longitudinal profiles. Downstream projection of the “relict” portions of the profiles implies ~800–850 m of incision, consistent with geologic and geomorphic records of post ~1.7 Ma incision in the lower watershed. We combine optically stimulated luminescence dating of fluvial terrace deposits to constrain incision rates downstream of knickpoints with catchment-averaged 10Be concentrations in modern sediment to estimate erosion rates in tributary basins both above and below knickpoints. Both sources of data imply landscape lowering rates of ~300 m Ma−1 below the knickpoint and ~50–100 m Ma−1 above. Field measurements of channel width (n = 48) and calculations of bankfull discharge (n = 9) allow determination of scaling relations among channel hydraulic geometry, discharge, and contributing area that we employ to estimate the patterns of basal shear stress, unit stream power, and bed load transport rate throughout the channel network. Our results imply a clear downstream increase of incision potential; this result would appear to be consistent with a detachment-limited response to imposed base-level fall, in which steepening of channels drives an increase in erosion rates. In contrast, however, we do not observe apparent narrowing of channels across the transition from slowly eroding to rapidly eroding portions of the watershed. Rather, the present-day channel morphology as well as its scaling of hydraulic geometry imply that the river is primarily adjusted to transport its sediment load and suggest that channel morphology may not always reflect the presence of knickpoints and differences in landscape relief

Spatial patterns of scour and fill in dryland sand bed streams

Reproduced with permission of the publisher. © 2006 American Geophysical UnionSpatial patterns of scour and fill in two dryland ephemeral stream channels with sandy bed material have been measured with dense arrays of scour chains. Although the depth and areal extent of bed activity increased with discharge, active bed reworking at particular locations within the reaches resulted in downstream patterns of alternate shallower and deeper areas of scour. The variation was such that mean scour depths for individual cross sections varied about the mean for the reach by a factor of 2–4 while the locus of maximum scour traced a sinuous path about the channel centerline. The wavelength of the pattern of scour was about seven times the channel width. During each event, compensating fill returned the streambeds to preflow elevations, indicating that the streams were in approximate steady state over the period of study. Although the patterns of periodically enhanced scour along alternate sides of the channels are consistent with models of periodically reversing helical flow, further work is required to identify the causal relationships between patterns of flow and sediment transport in dryland sand bed channels

Developing a Professionalism Plan

Professionalism is a way of being which underlies all the responsibilities of a pharmacist and associated general and professional abilities. The Student Affairs Committee was charged with developing a college-wide professionalism plan to meet the Accreditation Council for Pharmacy Education (ACPE) Standards 15.1 and 23. This plan was developed concurrently with a new curriculum. The plan was developed systematically with the following goals: 1) create a definition of professionalism, 2) determine outcomes of the plan, 3) identify existing components which should be continued and new components to be added, 4) ensure existing and new components are linked to outcomes and 5) develop a continuous assessment process for the plan. The proposed plan consists of curricular, co-curricular and extra-curricular activities designed to help students gain experience in three professionalism pillars: Competence, Connection and Character, as defined by Brown et al in "Taxonomy of Professionalism". While knowledge and skills will be enhanced, the focus of development will be on student virtues, values and attitudesäóîthat what they do defines who they are. The goal is to help students develop as people and professionals who value the high ideals expected of a pharmacist.   Type: Idea Pape