Phylogeny, molecular dating and zoogeographic history of the titi monkeys (Callicebus, Pitheciidae) of eastern Brazil

The titi monkeys belong to a genus of New World primates endemic to South America, which were recently reclassified in three genera (Cheracebus, Plecturocebus and Callicebus). The genus Callicebus, which currently includes five species, is endemic to eastern Brazil, occurring in the Caatinga, Savanna, and Atlantic Forest biomes. In the present study, we investigated the validity of these species and inferred their phylogenetic relationships, divergence times, and biogeographic patterns based on the molecular analysis of a concatenated sequence of 11 mitochondrial and nuclear DNA markers, derived from 13 specimens. We ran Maximum Likelihood (ML) and Bayesian Inference (BI) analyses, and estimated genetic distances, divergence times. Ancestral areas were estimated on BioGeoBears. Our results suggest that at about twelve million years ago, the ancestor of all titi monkeys inhabited a wide area that extended from the Amazon forest to the South of the Atlantic forest. A first vicariant event originated Cheracebus in the West of the Amazon and the ancestor of Callicebus and Plectorocebus which, later were separated by a second one. The diversification of Callicebus occurred during the Plio-Pleistocene (beginning at 5 Ma) probably influenced by climatic fluctuations and geological events. Therefore, the results of the present work confirmed the existence of five species that currently inhabit forested areas under increasing threat from human activities. Thus, a reliable diagnosis of the taxonomic status of species living in endangered environments is extremely important for the development of conservation measures

The gut microbiome of exudivorous marmosets in the wild and captivity

Mammalian captive dietary specialists like folivores are prone to gastrointestinal distress and primate dietary specialists suffer the greatest gut microbiome diversity losses in captivity compared to the wild. Marmosets represent another group of dietary specialists, exudivores that eat plant exudates, but whose microbiome remains relatively less studied. The common occurrence of gastrointestinal distress in captive marmosets prompted us to study the Callithrix gut microbiome composition and predictive function through bacterial 16S ribosomal RNA V4 region sequencing. We sampled 59 wild and captive Callithrix across four species and their hybrids. Host environment had a stronger effect on the gut microbiome than host taxon. Wild Callithrix gut microbiomes were enriched for Bifidobacterium, which process host-indigestible carbohydrates. Captive marmoset guts were enriched for Enterobacteriaceae, a family containing pathogenic bacteria. While gut microbiome function was similar across marmosets, Enterobacteriaceae seem to carry out most functional activities in captive host guts. More diverse bacterial taxa seem to perform gut functions in wild marmosets, with Bifidobacterium being important for carbohydrate metabolism. Captive marmosets showed gut microbiome composition aspects seen in human gastrointestinal diseases. Thus, captivity may perturb the exudivore gut microbiome, which raises implications for captive exudivore welfare and calls for husbandry modifications

Myocardial stereology in captive Callithrix kuhlii (Callitrichidae, Primates): healthy animals versus animals affected by wasting marmoset syndrome (WMS)

This study comprised 12 hearts of Wied´s black-tufted-ear marmoset, Callithrix kuhlii (Coimbra-Filho 1985), 6 with Wasting Marmoset Syndrome (WMS) and 6 non-affected. Biometry was performed after death. After necropsy, the hearts were weighed, dissected, fixed in 10% formalin solution (pH 7.2), and processed for optical microscopy at 5µm sections stained with Haematoxylin-Eosin. Quantitative analysis was performed by stereological techniques. The statistical differences between the biometrical and stereological parameters were assessed by the Mann-Whitney test. The morphometric results showed that WMS causes a significant reduction in body and cardiac weights, and also in the volume density of vessels in those animals. Further studies are necessary to understand some of the results shown here

Ocorrência de Acanthocephala em Leontopithecus (Lesson, 1840), cativos: aspectos clínico-patológicos. Callitrichidae-Primates Acanthocephala infections in captives lion tamarins Leontopithecus (Lesson, 1840): clinical pathologic aspects. Callitrichidae-Primates

Estudaram-se achados de necropsia de 454 espécimens de Leontopithecus. Quatorze (3,1%) apresentaram-se infectados por acantocéfalos intestinais identificados como Prosthenorchis elegans (Diesing, 1861). Não foram observadas diferenças na ocorrência do parasito quanto à espécie, origem - cativos ou selvagens - e sexo. Clinicamente os animais apresentaram-se com o pelame eriçado, apatia, inapetência, dores abdominais e diarréia. Em dois animais parasitados (14,2%), observou-se perfuração da parede intestinal. As lesões encontradas caracterizaram-se por uma grave enterite ulcerativa. A ocorrência desses parasitos reforça a necessidade do estabelecimento de protocolos sanitários rígidos no manejo das espécies de primatas do neotrópico.This study assessed the autopsy findings of 454 Leontopithecus specimens, 14 of which (3.1%) were infected by intestinal Acanthocephala identified as Prosthenorchis elegans (Diesing, 1861). No difference in the occurrence of the parasite was observed regarding the species, origin (captive or wild) and sex of the lion tamarins. Clinically, the animals had spiked coat, apathy, inappetence, abdominal pain and diarrhea. Two of the parasitized animals (14.2%) had perforation of the intestinal wall. The lesions found were characterized as a severe ulcerative enteritis. The occurrence of such parasites highlights the need for establishing strict sanitary protocols for the management of the neotropical primate species

Morfologia macroscópica do aparelho reprodutor feminino de Leontopithecus cativos (Lesson, 1840) Primates-Callitrichidae Gross morphology of the female genital tract of captive Leontopithecus (Lesson, 1840) Primates-Callitrichidae

Descreveu-se o sistema reprodutor feminino em três espécies de mico-leão Leontopithecus (Lesson 1840), cativos: L. rosalia, L. chrysopygus e L. chrysomelas. A vulva está delimitada pelos lábios vulvares menores e com clitóris conspícuo. A superfície do períneo urogenital apresenta elevações papilares mais concentradas nos lábios vulvares, conferindo-lhe aspecto rugoso. O vestíbulo vaginal constitui um tubo muscular de parede espessa que se estende da rima da vulva até o óstio da vagina. A vagina é um tubo muscular alongado e achatado dorsoventralmente, que comunica o vestíbulo vaginal ao colo uterino. O útero piriforme está localizado na porção caudal da cavidade abdominal. Craniolateralmente abrem-se tubas uterinas convolutas e ovários grosseiramente fusiformes de superfície lisa.<br>It is described the female genital tract of three species of lion tamarin: Leontopithecus rosalia, L. chrysopygus, and L. chrysomelas. Fifteen animals were selected from the Museum of the Center of Primatology of Rio de Janeiro - CPRJ/FEEMA. The vulva is delimited by the labia and has a conspicuous clitoris. The surface of the urogenital perineum has papillary elevations more concentrated in the labia, which results in a rough aspect. The vestibule is a thick-walled muscular tube, extending from the pudendal cleft to the vaginal orifice. The vagina is an elongated and flat muscular tube, which communicates dorsoventrally the vestibulum and the cervix of uterus. The pyriform uterus is located in the caudal portion of the abdominal cavity. Craniolaterally, the convolute uterine tubes open, enveloping the ovaries, which are roughly fusiform with a smooth surface

Oxiuridae helminths parasites of Iguana iguana (Squamata, Lacertilia, Iguanidae) in Brazil

Submitted by Repositório Arca ([email protected]) on 2019-04-24T16:43:00Z No. of bitstreams: 1 license.txt: 1748 bytes, checksum: 8a4605be74aa9ea9d79846c1fba20a33 (MD5)Approved for entry into archive by Janaína Nascimento ([email protected]) on 2019-11-06T14:17:41Z (GMT) No. of bitstreams: 2 ve_Breves_P_etal_INI_2011.pdf: 250901 bytes, checksum: 072b36b5a3c686cb368756d35633b34d (MD5) license.txt: 1748 bytes, checksum: 8a4605be74aa9ea9d79846c1fba20a33 (MD5)Made available in DSpace on 2019-11-06T14:17:41Z (GMT). No. of bitstreams: 2 ve_Breves_P_etal_INI_2011.pdf: 250901 bytes, checksum: 072b36b5a3c686cb368756d35633b34d (MD5) license.txt: 1748 bytes, checksum: 8a4605be74aa9ea9d79846c1fba20a33 (MD5) Previous issue date: 2011Centro Universitário IBMR. Rio de Janeiro, RJ, Brasil.Centro Universitário IBMR. Rio de Janeiro, RJ, Brasil.Instituto Estadual do Ambiente. Centro de Primatologia. Guapimirim, RJ, Brasil / Centro Universitário Plínio Leite. Itaboraí, RJ, Brasil.Centro Universitário Plínio Leite. Itaboraí, RJ, Brasil.Fundação Oswaldo Cruz. Instituto de Pesquisa Clínica Evandro. Laboratório de Pesquisa Clínica em Dermatozoonozes em Animais Domésticos. Rio de Janeiro, RJ, Brasil.The results of a study on nematode fauna occurring in wild iguanas (Iguana iguana) from Brazilian Northeast (Alagoas and Maranhão) and Central-west (Goiás and Mato Grosso) areas were presented. Six adult iguanas, three males and three females, were necropsied and the digestive system removed to examination. All the iguana specimens were heavily parasitized. The helminths diagnosed were: Ozolaimus cirratus in the cecum and colon of five iguanas; Ozolaimus megatyphlon in cecum, colon and rectum of three iguanas; and Alaeuris vogelsangi in the small intestine, cecum, colon and rectum of five animals. Two larvae of Ozolaimus sp. were recovered from the pyloric region of the stomach of one iguana. The three diagnosed species of nematodes were reported for the first time in the Brazilian Central-West region