Features of micro- and ultrastructure of low-fat butter and its low-fat analogues

The aim of the research was to study the features of the structure of low-fat butter and butter pastes, which, in terms of composition and properties, more fully meet the requirements of a healthy diet than high-fat types of butter. The objects of research were: butter with fat content of 72.5%; butter with fat content of 55% made with the addition of skimmed milk powder; butter of the same fat content with the addition of stabilizers based on guar and xanthan gums and emulsifiers based on monoand diglycerides of fatty acids; butter pastes with fat content of 45% with similar additives used to increase the stability of the process of butter formation and improve the texture. The microstructure was studied using an MBI-6 microscope, and the ultramicrostructure was studied using a Phillips electron microscope. In the first case, the sample was prepared by crushing the sample, in the second one — by the method of ultrafast freeze-fracture and etching. Researches have shown that the use of the introduced ingredients improves the homogeneity of the structure of the studied products. Due to the ability of milk proteins and stabilizers to retain moisture, it is more evenly distributed and well retained in the fat matrix of the product, formed from crystalline and liquid fat in the form of a continuous phase, which is confirmed by a sufficient penetration depth of the fat-soluble dye. Plasma droplets in butter with fat content of 72.5% and 55% are more isolated than in butter pastes, as indicated by the greater penetration depth of the water-soluble dye. The average diameter of isolated moisture droplets in low-fat products was 3.3–5.4 μm, and the average diameter of the fat globules that form the basis of the crystalline framework was 5.4–7.4 μm, depending on the composition of the product. For butter with fat content of 72.5%, the values of these indicators were 2.8 and 4.0 μm. The results of the study indicate the presence of differences in the sizes of structural elements, but at the same time confirm the uniformity of the structure of low-fat products, allowing them to be attributed to dispersions «water-in-oil»

Deep and extensive meltwater system beneath the former Eurasian Ice Sheet in the Kara Sea

Abstract The Eurasian ice sheet extended across the Barents and Kara Seas during the late Quaternary, yet evidence on past ice dynamics and thermal structure across its huge eastern periphery remains largely unknown. Here we use three-dimensional seismic data sets covering ∼4500 km2 of the Kara Sea west of Yamal Peninsula, Siberia (71°–73°N), to identify, for the first time in the Russian Arctic seas, several buried generations of vast subglacial tunnel valley networks. Individual valleys are up to 50 km long and are incised as much as 400 m deep; among the largest tunnel valleys ever reported. This discovery represents the first documentation of an extensively warm-based eastern margin of the Eurasian ice sheet during the Quaternary glaciations. The presence of major subglacial channel networks on the shallow shelf, with no evidence of ice streaming, suggests that significant meltwater discharge and subsequent freshwater forcing of ocean circulation may be long-lived rather than catastrophic, occurring during the latest stages of deglaciation in areas where the ice sheet flows slowly and is grounded largely above sea level. Furthermore, the first account of an extensive hydrological network across large areas of the Kara Sea provides important empirical evidence for active subglacial hydrological processes that should be considered in future numerical modeling of the eastern margin of the Quaternary Eurasian ice sheet.</jats:p

Inclusive Tourism: Concept and Essence

Inclusive tourism is a way of looking at tourism activities and services, involving all people, visitors and residents, in the same activities and creating dialogue, peace and human development. In turn, the dynamics of inclusive tourism is likely to depend on an economic model that reflects current trends in the personalization of the tourism offer. The aim of the research: to consider the issues of the conceptual apparatus of inclusive tourism, aspects of the formation of inclusive tourism. Research objective: to analyze the works of domestic and foreign scientists and specialists in the field of inclusive tourism, to offer the author’s definition of inclusive tourism. Research methods: analysis of normative legal documents, the method of comparative analysis and generalization, construction of own hypotheses. As a result of the study it was concluded that the analysis of the regulatory framework governing the development of tourism shows its insufficient perfection, as so far it does not reflect the development of inclusive tourism, also during the study of scientific research on this topic the author’s definition of “inclusive tourism” is given

Indicators of the osteoclastogenesis system in men with different clinical types of ankylosing spondylitis

Objective: to evaluate the osteoclastogenesis regulatory system – osteoprotegerin/receptor activator of nuclear factor-κβ ligand (OPG/RANKL) system – in men with different clinical types of ankylosing spondylitis (AS).Subjects and methods. The osteoclastogenesis regulatory system was studied in 60 men, including 40 patients diagnosed with AS complying with the 1984 New York criteria and 20 men without AS. RANKL, a major stimulant of osteoclastogenesis, and OPG, a decoy receptor that binds RANKL and, accordingly, blocks osteoclastogenesis, were investigated.Results. It was shown that in the patients with AS, RANKL concentrations were normal and the content of OPG and OPG/RANKL ratio proved to be significantly higher than those in the men without AS. The highest OPG concentrations were recorded in patients with the axial form of this disease, its moderate activity and early X-ray stage. No relationship was found between the level of RANKL and the clinical characteristics of AS; however, there was a tendency to a slight increase in its concentration in patients with extraskeletal manifestations of AS, its high activity, high functional class, and late X-ray stage.Conclusion. The considerable increase in OPG levels and OPG/RANKL ratio was ascertained to be associated to the fact that 94% of the patients with late-stage AS characterized by the presence of numerous syndesmophytes. These changes must be compensatory in response to modestly increased RANKL level and enhanced bone resorption

Characteristics of offenses among minors are on the stationary involuntary treatment

86 adolescent patients, who are on inpatient involuntary treatment, were studied. It was determined that the leading data from minors are mentally retarded and organic mental disorders, schizophrenia and personality disorders were isolated. Analysis of socially dangerous actions showed that the predominant property offenses were committed as a rule in the band and on several episodes. The greatest dependence types of offenses with mental disorders have provided substance abuse, namely, substance abuse, most of the offense committed in a state of intoxication (alcohol, toxic, narcotic). Substance Abuse had expressed connection with the arson and intentional infliction of grievous bodily harm. Serious offenses - murder, single repeated robberies committed by patients with schizophrenia. And personality disorder had quite a strong bond as with the structure of an organic disorder, psychopathy as a group theft, single looting, robberies and thefts. Immaturity volitional components of metal reactions in mentally retarded adolescents led to the predominance of offenses as acts of hooliganism and rape.Изучено 86 пациентов подросткового возраста, находящиеся на стационарном принудительном лечении. определено, что ведущими у данных несовершеннолетних являлась умственная отсталость и органические психические расстройства, шизофрения и расстройства личности были единичными. анализ общественно опасных действий показал, что преобладающими были имущественные правонарушения совершаемые как правило в группе и по нескольким эпизодам. Наибольшую зависимость видов правонарушений с психической патологией предоставили наркологические заболевания, а именно токсикомании, большинстве случаев правонарушения совершались в состоянии опьянения (алкогольного, токсического, наркотического). токсикомании имели выраженную связь с поджогами и умышленному причинению тяжкого вреда здоровью. Тяжелые правонарушения – убийство, одиночные неоднократные грабежи совершены больными с шизофренией. И достаточно сильную связь имели личностные расстройства, как с структуре органического расстройства, так психопатии с групповыми кражами, одиночными грабежами, разбоями и угонами. Незрелость волевых компонентов психических реакций у умственно отсталых подростков, привели к преобладанию правонарушений в виде хулиганских поступков и изнасилования

Низкая минеральная плотность кост и как фактор риска развития остеопороза у мужчин, страдающих анкилозирующим спондилитом, и способы ее коррекции

Objective: to estimate bone mineral density (BMD) in men with ankylosing spondylosis (AS).Subjects and methods. Seventy-two male patients (mean age 43.2±9.1 years) diagnosed with extended- or late-stage AS (according to the 1984 modified New York criteria) (a study group) were followed up. A control group consisted of 70 apparently healthy men of the same age (46.7±1.9 years) with neither a history of bone fractures and no complains about osteoporosis (OP). In the study and control groups, BMD was determined by dual-energy X-ray absorptiometry.Results. The patients with AS were found to have statistically significantly lower BMD in the femoral neck and lumbar spine. In the study group, osteopenic syndrome (OPS) was identified in 44 (61.1%): osteopenia (OPe) in 16 (22.2%) and OP in 28 (38.9%). In the control group, OPS was detected in 16 (21.62%) patients, OPe in 12 (16.21%), and OP in 4 (5.40%). Lower BMD was noted in both the femoral neck and lumbar spine in the extended stage of AS and only in the femoral neck in its late stage.Цель исследования – оценить минеральную плотность кости (МПК) у мужчин с анкилозирующим спондилитом (АС).Материал и методы. Под наблюдением находилось 72 пациента мужского пола с диагнозом АС (согласно модифицированным Нью-Йоркским критериям 1984 г.) с развернутой или поздней стадией заболевания; средний возраст пациентов – 43,2±9,1 года (основная группа). Контрольную группу составили 70 практически здоровых мужчин того же возраста (46,7±1,9 года), ранее не имевших переломов костей и не предъявляющих жалоб на ОП. У обследованных основной и контрольной групп определяли МПК методом двухэнергетической рентгеновской абсорбциометрии.Результаты исследования. Выявлено статистически достоверное снижение МПК в шейке бедра и поясничном отделе позвоночника у пациентов с АС. Остеопенический синдром (ОПС) установлен у 44 (61,1%) пациентов основной группы: остеопения (ОПе) – у 16 (22,2%) и ОП – у 28 (38,9%). В контрольной группе ОПС выявлен у 16 (21,62%) пациентов: ОПе – у 12 (16,21%) и ОП – у 4 (5,40%). В развернутой стадии АС снижение МПК отмечено как в шейке бедра, так и в поясничном отделе позвоночника, в поздней стадии – только в шейке бедра

Показатели системы остеокластогенеза у мужчин с различными клиническими вариантами анкилозирующего спондилита

Objective: to evaluate the osteoclastogenesis regulatory system – osteoprotegerin/receptor activator of nuclear factor-κβ ligand (OPG/RANKL) system – in men with different clinical types of ankylosing spondylitis (AS).Subjects and methods. The osteoclastogenesis regulatory system was studied in 60 men, including 40 patients diagnosed with AS complying with the 1984 New York criteria and 20 men without AS. RANKL, a major stimulant of osteoclastogenesis, and OPG, a decoy receptor that binds RANKL and, accordingly, blocks osteoclastogenesis, were investigated.Results. It was shown that in the patients with AS, RANKL concentrations were normal and the content of OPG and OPG/RANKL ratio proved to be significantly higher than those in the men without AS. The highest OPG concentrations were recorded in patients with the axial form of this disease, its moderate activity and early X-ray stage. No relationship was found between the level of RANKL and the clinical characteristics of AS; however, there was a tendency to a slight increase in its concentration in patients with extraskeletal manifestations of AS, its high activity, high functional class, and late X-ray stage.Conclusion. The considerable increase in OPG levels and OPG/RANKL ratio was ascertained to be associated to the fact that 94% of the patients with late-stage AS characterized by the presence of numerous syndesmophytes. These changes must be compensatory in response to modestly increased RANKL level and enhanced bone resorption.Цель исследования – оценить состояние системы регуляции остеокластогенеза – остеопротегерин/лиганд рецептора активатора нуклеарного фактора κβ (OPG/RANKL) – у мужчин с различными клиническими вариантами анкилозирующего спондилита (АС).Материал и методы. Система регуляции остеокластогенеза изучалась у 60 мужчин: 40 больных с диагнозом АС, соответствующим модифицированным Нью-Йоркским критериям (1984 г.) и 20 мужчин без АС. Исследовали RANKL – основной стимулятор остеокластогенеза и OPG – «рецептор-ловушку», связывающий RANKL и, соответственно, блокирующий остеокластогенез.Результаты исследования. Показано, что у больных АС концентрация RANKL была нормальной, а содержание OPG и отношение OPG/RANKL оказалось достоверно выше, чем у мужчин без АС. Наибольшая концентрация OPG зарегистрирована у пациентов с аксиальной формой заболевания, умеренной степенью активности и ранней рентгенологической стадией. Не выявлено зависимости уровня RANKL от клинических характеристик АС, однако отмечена тенденция к незначительному повышению его концентрации у пациентов с наличием внескелетных проявлений АС, высокой степенью активности, высоким функциональным классом и поздней рентгенологической стадией АС.Заключение. Установлено, что значительное повышение уровня OPG и отношения OPG/RANKL может быть связано с тем, что 94% пациентов имели позднюю стадию АС, характеризующуюся наличием множественных синдесмофитов. Данные изменения, вероятно, могут носить компенсаторный характер в ответ на незначительное повышение уровня RANKL и усиление костной резорбции