Rolling segregation into apartheid: South African Railways, 1948 - 1953

Paper presented at the Wits History Workshop: Structure and Experience in the Making of Apartheid, 6-10 February, 1990

A Brief Record of the Advance of the Egyptian Expeditionary Force under the Command of General Sir Edmund H. H. Allenby, G. C. B., G. C. M. G.

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SOBRE A JUSTIÇA ESPACIAL

Cet essai réfléchit sur l’opportunité et la possibilité de façonner un concept de justice spatiale à partir des notions de justice sociale et de justice sociale territoriale. Le sens contesté, les formulations rivales et le statut incertain de la justice sociale en forment une base trouble et dissuasive. L’attrait des évaluations de la justice de localisation guide la recherche vers de nouveaux référents spatiaux de la justice et la perspective de principes de justice spatiale. Cependant, il semble que dans l’expression « justice spatiale », le deuxième mot ne peut désigner que le contexte du concept et non son contenu. Conceptualiser l’espace comme un produit social plutôt que comme un contexte pour la société peut produire un concept substantiel de justice spatiale.Este ensayo reflexiona sobre la oportunidad y posibilidad de construir un concepto de justicia espacial a partir de las nociones de justicia social y justicia social territorial. El significado discutido, las formulaciones rivales y el estatus incierto de la justicia social forman una base turbia y disuasoria. El atractivo de las valoraciones de la justicia de localización orienta la investigación hacia nuevos referentes espaciales para la justicia y la perspectiva de principios de justicia espacial. Sin embargo, parece que en la expresión “justicia espacial” el primer término sólo puede denotar el contexto del concepto y no su contenido. Conceptualizar el espacio como un producto social más que como un contexto para la sociedad puede generar un concepto sustantivo de justicia espacial.This essay reflects on the desirability and possibility of fashioning a concept of spatial justice from notions of social justice and territorial social justice. The contested meaning, rival formulations, and uncertain status of social justice form a cloudy and dissuasive foundation. The appeal of evaluations of locational justice steers investigation towards new spatial referents for justice and the prospect of principles of spatial justice. However, it seems that in the term “spatial justice” the prefix can only denote concept context and not concept content. Conceptualising space as a social product rather than as a context for society may yield a substantive concept of spatial justice.Esse artigo reflete sobre a oportunidade e a possibilidade da criação do conceito de justiça espacial a partir das noções de justiça social e justiça social territorial. Os significados contestados, formulações rivais e status incerto da justiça social formam uma fundação nebulosa e dissuasiva. O apelo de avaliações de justiça locacional conduz investigações para novos referentes de justiça e para perspectivas de princípios de justiça espacial. No entanto, parece que na expressão “justiça espacial” o segundo termo só pode se referir a um contexto do conceito e não a um conteúdo. Conceitualizar o espaço como um produto social ao invés de como um contexto para a sociedade pode produzir um conceito substantivo para a justiça espacial

The South African Philatelist : 1962

The Philatelic Federation of South Africa (PFSA) is a voluntary association organised as a federation of clubs & societies for stamp collectors and philatelists of all ages and all types. To produce the up-to-date journal locally is no easy matter, but we shall continue to give our readers what we think they will appreciate most. The journal is managed by a collector for the benefit of collectors, and as no dealer has any choice in the management, philatelists will realise that they have a paper which will cater for their wants, and give them reliable, unbiassed advice.The South African Philatelist, January - December (1962)Digitised by the Department of Library Services in support of Open Access to information, University of Pretoria.pm202

Reticulation, Data Combination, and Inferring Evolutionary History: An Example from Danthonioideae (Poaceae)

We explore the potential impact of conflicting gene trees on inferences of evolutionary history above the species level. When conflict between gene trees is discovered, it is common practice either to analyze the data separately or to combine the data having excluded the conflicting taxa or data partitions for those taxa (which are then recoded as missing). We demonstrate an alternative approach, which involves duplicating conflicting taxa in the matrix, such that each duplicate is represented by one partition only. This allows the combination of all available data in standard phylogenetic analyses, despite reticulations. We show how interpretation of contradictory gene trees can lead to conflicting inferences of both morphological evolution and biogeographic history, using the example of the pampas grasses, Cortaderia. The characteristic morphological syndrome of Cortaderia can be inferred as having arisen multiple times (chloroplast DNA [cpDNA]) or just once (nuclear ribosomal DNA [nrDNA]). The distributions of species of Cortaderia and related genera in Australia/New Guinea, New Zealand, and South America can be explained by few (nrDNA) or several (cpDNA) dispersals between the southern continents. These contradictions can be explained by past hybridization events, which have linked gains of complex morphologies with unrelated chloroplast lineages and have erased evidence of dispersals from the nuclear genome. Given the discrepancies between inferences based on the gene trees individually, we urge the use of approaches such as ours that take multiple gene trees into accoun

The impacts of the trade liberalization of environmental goods on power system and CO2 emissions

The trade liberalization of Environmental Goods (EG), through as Environmental Goods Agreement (EGA), is crucial in low carbon electricity technology diffusion. However, there is a big gap of the EG definition lists and the integrated effectiveness analysis of EGA. This paper analyses the effects of the trade liberalization of EG based on macroeconomic and electricity sector models and attempts to find a more efficient EG trade policy by comparing different EG lists, considering end-use control and combining the EG policy with a carbon tax. The results show that the trade liberalization of EG does not necessarily benefit the environment without other policies, as the effects of the multiple end-uses of EG on conventional energy might result in environmental damage. We find that merging an EGA into a global carbon tax system would enhance the effects of carbon tax on CO2 reduction by 33%, and simultaneously lower the GDP loss due to the carbon tax by 75%. The economic benefits from the EGA could offset the costs of other environmental policies. Thus, end-use control and other environmental policies should be considered at both the global and regional levels in the setting of international trade agreements that target EG

Differential effects of nutritional folic acid deficiency and moderate hyperhomocysteinemia on aortic plaque formation and genome-wide DNA methylation in vascular tissue from ApoE-/- mice

Low folate intake is associated with vascular disease. Causality has been attributed to hyperhomocysteinemia. However, human intervention trials have failed to show the benefit of homocysteine-lowering therapies. Alternatively, low folate may promote vascular disease by deregulating DNA methylation. We investigated whether folate could alter DNA methylation and atherosclerosis in ApoE null mice. Mice were fed one of six diets (n = 20 per group) for 16 weeks. Basal diets were either control (C; 4% lard) or high fat (HF; 21% lard and cholesterol, 0.15%) with different B-vitamin compositions: (1) folic acid and B-vitamin replete, (2) folic acid deficient (−F), (3) folic acid, B6 and B12 deficient (−F−B). −F diets decreased plasma (up to 85%; P < 0.05), whole blood (up to 70%; P < 0.05), and liver folate (up to 65%; P < 0.05) and hepatic SAM/SAH (up to 80%; P < 0.05). −F−B diets reduced plasma (up to 76%; P < 0.05), whole blood (up to 72%; P < 0.05), and liver B12 (up to 39%; P < 0.05) and hepatic SAM/SAH (up to 90%; P < 0.05). −F increased homocysteine 2-fold, while −F−B increased homocysteine 3.6- and 6.8-fold in the C and HF groups (P < 0.05). Plaque formation was increased 2-fold (P < 0.0001) in mice fed a HF diet. Feeding a HF–F diet increased lesion formation by 17% (P < 0.05). There was no change in 5-methyldeoxycytidine in liver or vascular tissue (aorta, periadventitial tissue and heart). These data suggest that atherogenesis is not associated with genome-wide epigenetic changes in this animal model

Consistency between ARPES and STM measurements on SmB6_6

Strongly correlated topological surface states are promising platforms for next-generation quantum applications, but they remain elusive in real materials. The correlated Kondo insulator SmB$_6$ is one of the most promising candidates, with theoretically predicted heavy Dirac surface states supported by transport and scanning tunneling microscopy (STM) experiments. However, a puzzling discrepancy appears between STM and angle-resolved photoemission (ARPES) experiments on SmB$_6$. Although ARPES detects spin-textured surface states, their velocity is an order of magnitude higher than expected, while the Dirac point -- the hallmark of any topological system -- can only be inferred deep within the bulk valence band. A significant challenge is that SmB$_6$ lacks a natural cleavage plane, resulting in ordered surface domains limited to 10s of nanometers. Here we use STM to show that surface band bending can shift energy features by 10s of meV between domains. Starting from our STM spectra, we simulate the full spectral function as an average over multiple domains with different surface potentials. Our simulation shows excellent agreement with ARPES data, and thus resolves the apparent discrepancy between large-area measurements that average over multiple band-shifted domains and atomically-resolved measurements within a single domain

Management and birth outcomes of pregnant women with Chiari malformations : a 14 years retrospective case series

Objective The management of Chiari malformations in pregnancy is challenging due to the perceived risk of adverse maternal neurological outcomes and raising intracranial pressure during labour. Our aim was to evaluate the management and health outcomes of pregnant women cared for at a regional referral center and highlight elements of best practice. Study Design A retrospective case series of all pregnant women diagnosed with Chiari malformation over fourteen years (January 2004- June 2018) at the Birmingham Women’s Hospital – UK. Results Twenty-one women (23 pregnancies) with Chiari malformation were included, four had syringomyelia (4/21,19%) and six had previously undergone craniovertebral decompression (6/21, 29%). The median age was 34-years (range 20-41), the median gravidity was two (range 1-8), the median parity was one (range 0-6), and the median extent of tonsillar herniation was 11 mm (range 9-18). The majority of women received their preferred mode of delivery (15 normal vaginal deliveries (15/23, 65.2%) and 6 elective Caesarean sections (6/23, 26.1%)) with two pregnancies ending with an emergency caesarean section for obstetric complications (2/23, 8.7%). Five Caesarean section were performed under general anaesthetic, two under spinal (2/23, 8.7%) and one under epidural anaesthesia (1/23, 4.3%) with no neurological sequelae. There were no adverse neurological outcomes at discharge postnatally. Conclusions Offering normal vaginal delivery with effective analgesia, for women with Chiari malformation, appears to be safe. Pregnancy care should be provided by a multi-disciplinary team with experience in managing Chiari malformation