A Statistical Model to Explain the Mendel--Fisher Controversy

In 1866 Gregor Mendel published a seminal paper containing the foundations of modern genetics. In 1936 Ronald Fisher published a statistical analysis of Mendel's data concluding that "the data of most, if not all, of the experiments have been falsified so as to agree closely with Mendel's expectations." The accusation gave rise to a controversy which has reached the present time. There are reasonable grounds to assume that a certain unconscious bias was systematically introduced in Mendel's experimentation. Based on this assumption, a probability model that fits Mendel's data and does not offend Fisher's analysis is given. This reconciliation model may well be the end of the Mendel--Fisher controversy.Comment: Published in at http://dx.doi.org/10.1214/10-STS342 the Statistical Science (http://www.imstat.org/sts/) by the Institute of Mathematical Statistics (http://www.imstat.org

Optical Burst-Switched Networks Exploiting Traffic Engineering in the Wavelength Domain

In order to simplify the design and operation of telecommunications networks, it is common to describe them in a layered structure constituted by a service network layer on top of a transport network layer. The service network layer provides services to its users, whereas the transport network layer comprises the infrastructure required to support the service networks. Hence, transport networks should be designed to be as independent as possible from the services supported, while providing functions such as transmission, multiplexing, routing, capacity provisioning, protection, and management. Typically, a transport network includes multiple network domains, such as access, aggregation, metropolitan and core, ordered by decreasing proximity to the end-users, increasing geographical coverage, and growing level of traffic aggregation

Dependência e Desenvolvimento na América Latina despois da Reforma do Estado

This paper analizes the work of Fernando Henrique Cardoso and Enzo Faletto (Dependência e Desenvolvimento), to see the relation between state and social classes in the brazilian development process, yersteday and today

Aromatic Plants in Eurasian Blue Tit Nests: The ‘Nest

The ‘Nest Protection Hypothesis’ suggests that some birds add aromatic plants to their nests to repel or kill ectoparasites. This behavior has been described for several species, including the Eurasian Blue Tit (Cyanistes caeruleus). We studied the reproductive performance, based on 26 nests (in nest boxes), of this species in mixed forested areas of Quercus spp. and Pinus pinea in the Parque Florestal de Monsanto, the largest park of Lisbon, Portugal. The frequency of aromatic plants in nests was compared with frequency of these plants in the study area. The three most frequent aromatic plants (Dittrichia viscosa, Lavandula dentata, Calamintha baetica) in nests were used more than expected from their availability in the study area. We could not reject the null hypothesis that nest survival rate is independent of the presence of aromatic plants in the nest

Symbolism or decadence? : England and the 1890s

This paper deals with England's cultural space in the 1890s: decadence and symbolism constitute the common denominators of european literary and ar-tistic trends during the last two decades of the nineteenth-century. In this wide context, Wilde, Symons and Pater give us the main issues for a definition of fin-de-siècle literature in England

Regional expression of tourism development

This paper aims to highlight the importance of tourism to strengthen the capacities of the different regions and their resources. With this goal in mind an empirical study was conducted in a tourist destination located in the inner part of Portugal (Beira Interior), which aimed to measure the satisfaction obtained by tourists and also to identify the elements of the supply that the demand considers more important to choose this destination. The research stated that the symbolic aspects related to the specific resources of the region were the most important elements that help tourists to choose their destination and the same elements are also those that make tourists more satisfied. Assuming that the symbolic contents are in fact the underlying identity of the region, one can conclude that the more the identity of the region is reinforced, the more the difference is motivating and the more this identity is a key factor of its attractivenessregional development, differentiation, specific resources, tourist destination, demand-oriented assessment

The role of the RM-ODP computational viewpoint concepts in the MDA approach

An MDA design approach should be able to accommodate designs at different levels of platform-independence. We have proposed a design approach previously (in [2]), which allows these levels to be identified. An important feature of this approach is the notion of abstract platform. An abstract platform is determined by the platform characteristics that are relevant for applications at a certain level of platform-independence, and must be established by considering various design goals. In this paper, we define a framework that makes it possible to use RM-ODP concepts in our MDA design approach. This framework allows a recursive application of the computational viewpoint at different levels of platform-independence. This is obtained by equating the RM-ODP notion of infrastructure to our notion of abstract platform

Análise do efeito do encurtamento muscular dos flexores da anca na atividade muscular dos extensores da anca em jogadores séniores de futebol

Projeto de Graduação apresentado à Universidade Fernando Pessoa como parte dos requisitos para obtenção do grau de Licenciado em FisioterapiaObjetivo: O objetivo deste estudo foi comparar a força muscular dos músculos flexores e extensores da anca, bem como a resposta eletromiográfica dos extensores da anca durante uma tarefa dinâmica de agachamento e hiperextensão da anca, em atletas séniores de futebol masculino, com e sem encurtamento dos músculos flexores da anca. Metodologia: 14 jogadores de futebol sénior, sexo masculino, com idade igual ou superior a 18 anos, pertencentes ao União Clube Eirense, participaram neste estudo. Através do teste de thomas modificado, os atletas foram divididos em dois grupos, grupo 1 com encurtamento muscular dos flexores da anca e grupo 2 sem encurtamento dos flexores da anca. Foi avaliada com recurso a célula de carga Lafayette, a força muscular isométrica dos músculos iliopsoas, quadricipede, bicípete femoral, semitendinoso, tensor fáscia lata e glúteo máximo e foi avaliada a atividade eletromiográfica do iliopsoas, semitendinoso, bicípete femoral, tensor fáscia lata e glúteo máximo durante as tarefas dinâmicas de hiperextensão e agachamento. Resultados: Observou-se que que não existem diferenças significativas entre atletas com e sem encurtamento muscular dos flexores da anca relativamente a força muscular mas foram observadas diferenças estatisticamente significativas nas tarefas dinâmicas de hiperextensão e agachamento nos atletas com encurtamento muscular. Conclusão: Na amostra estudada, verificou-se uma menor ativação do glúteo máximo e uma maior ativação do bicípete femoral nos atletas com encurtamento muscular na tarefa dinâmica de agachamento. E verificou-se que o isquiotibial lateral tem maior ativação relativamente ao tensor fáscia lata e glúteo máximo e o glúteo máximo maior ativação relativamente ao tensor fáscia lata tanto na tarefa dinâmica de agachamento como na de hiperextensão.Objetive: compare the muscle strength of the hip flexor and extensor muscles, as well as the electromyographic response of the hip extensors during a dynamic task of squatting and hip hyperextension in male soccer senior athletes, with and without shortening of the hip flexor muscles. Methodology: 14 senior football players, male, aged 18 years or more, of the União Clube Eirense participated in this study. Using the modified thomas test, the atheles were divided into two groups, group 1 with hip flexor muscle shorness and group 2 with no hip flexor shortess. Using the Lafayette load cell it was evalueated the isometric muscle strength of the iliopsoas, quadricipede, biceps femoris, semitendinosus, fascia lata and maximal gluteus tensor, and the electromyographic activity of the iliopsoas, femoris biceps femoris, semitendinosus, tensor fascia lata and gluteus maximus during dynamic tasks of hyperextension and squat. Results: It was observed that there are no significant differences between athletes with and without shortening of hip flexors relative to muscle strength but significant differences were observed in the dynamic tasks of hyperextension and squatting in athletes with muscle shorteness. Conclusion: In the studied sample, there was lower activation of the gluteus maximus and greater activation of the biceps femoris in athletes with muscle shortness in the dynamic task of squat. It was verified that the lateral hamstring has greater activation relative to the tensor fascia lata and gluteus maximus and the gluteus maximus activation greater than the tensor fascia lata in both the dynamic task of squatting and hyperextension.N/