Desenvolvimento urbano sustentável: uma análise da produção científica internacional

Population concentration in urban centers has been a hallmark of the world development process. In this sense, the challenges of sustainable development are increasingly concentrated in cities. Thus, considering the relevance of city planning for a more sustainable development, especially for living in an increasingly urban society, this study aims to identify the main characteristics of the international scientific production related to this theme in the last ten years. For that, a bibliometric study was developed through the Web of Science database, relating the terms "sustainable development" and "urban". It should be noted that when analyzing the citations of related publications, it is observed that this combination of topics is considered a hot topic, while it has a high impact index and can be considered as an exclusive topic, with a scope in several areas of knowledge or unique characteristics. We analyze the most relevant studies in this area, by means of an appreciation of the ten studies most cited throughout this period. It was verified, through this work, that this theme is approached in several areas of knowledge, evidencing its importance and multidisciplinarity.A concentração populacional em centros urbanos tem sido característica marcante do processo de desenvolvimento mundial. Nesse sentido, os desafios do desenvolvimento sustentável estão cada vez mais concentrados nas cidades. Assim, tendo em vista a relevância do planejamento das cidades para um desenvolvimento mais sustentável, especialmente por vivermos em uma sociedade cada vez mais urbana, este estudo tem como objetivo identificar as principais características da produção científica internacional relacionada a essa temática nos últimos dez anos. Para tanto, desenvolveu-se um estudo bibliométrico, por meio da base de dados Web of Science, relacionando os termos “desenvolvimento sustentável” (sustainable development) e “urbano” (urban). Destaca-se que ao analisar as citações das publicações relacionadas, observa-se que esta combinação de tópicos é considerada um ‘hot topic’, na medida em que possui um índice de impacto elevado, podendo ser considerado um tópico exclusivo, com alcance em diversas áreas do conhecimento ou características únicas. Analisou-se, ainda, os estudos mais relevantes nessa temática, por meio da apreciação dos dez estudos mais citados ao longo deste período. Verificou-se, por meio deste trabalho, que a temática é abordada em diversas áreas de conhecimento, evidenciando a sua importância e multidisciplinaridade

TSE Monitoring in Wildlife Epidemiology, Transmission, Diagnosis, Genetics and Control

Among the transmissible spongiform encephalopathies (TSEs), chronic wasting disease (CWD) in cervids is now the rising concern within Europe. CWD will be outlined in this chapter gathering its epidemiology, transmission, diagnosis, genetics, and control. Prion diseases are fatal neurodegenerative diseases characterized by the accumulation of an abnormal isoform of the prion protein (PrPc), usually designated by PrPsc or prion. CWD is a prion disease of natural transmission affecting cervids detected mainly in North America. The first European case was detected in Norway, in 2016, in a wild reindeer; until April 2018, a total of 23 cases were described. The definite diagnosis is postmortem, performed in target areas of the brain and lymph nodes. Samples are first screened using a rapid test and, if positive, confirmed by immunohistochemistry and Western immunoblotting. It is not possible to establish a culling plan based on the genotype, once affected animals appear with all genotypes. However, some polymorphisms seem to result in longer incubation periods or confer a reduced risk. The control is not easy in captive cervids and even more in the wildlife; some recommendations have been proposed in order to understand the danger and impact of CWD on animal and public health

Neuropathology of animal prion diseases

Transmissible Spongiform Encephalopathies (TSEs) or prion diseases are a fatal group of infectious, inherited and spontaneous neurodegenerative diseases affecting human and animals. They are caused by the conversion of cellular prion protein (PrPC) into a misfolded pathological isoform (PrPSc or prion- proteinaceous infectious particle) that self-propagates by conformational conversion of PrPC. Yet by an unknown mechanism, PrPC can fold into different PrPSc conformers that may result in different prion strains that display specific disease phenotype (incubation time, clinical signs and lesion profile). Although the pathways for neurodegeneration as well as the involvement of brain inflammation in these diseases are not well understood, the spongiform changes, neuronal loss, gliosis and accumulation of PrPSc are the characteristic neuropathological lesions. Scrapie affecting small ruminants was the first identified TSE and has been considered the archetype of prion diseases, though atypical and new animal prion diseases continue to emerge highlighting the importance to investigate the lesion profile in naturally affected animals. In this report, we review the neuropathology and the neuroinflammation of animal prion diseases in natural hosts from scrapie, going through the zoonotic bovine spongiform encephalopathy (BSE), the chronic wasting disease (CWD) to the newly identified camel prion disease (CPD).info:eu-repo/semantics/publishedVersio

Scrapie at abattoir: monitoring, control, and differential diagnosis of wasting conditions during meat inspection

Wasting disease in small ruminants is frequently detected at slaughterhouses. The wasting disorder is manifested by the deterioration of the nutritional and physiological state of the animal indicated by thinness, emaciation, and cachexia. Evidence of emaciation and cachexia, alone, are pathological conditions leading to carcass condemnation during an inspection. Several diseases are associated with a wasting condition, including scrapie, pseudotuberculosis, tuberculosis, paratuberculosis, Maedi Visna, and tumor diseases. On the other hand, parasitic diseases, nutrition disorders, exposure or ingestion of toxins, metabolic conditions, inadequate nutrition due to poor teeth, or poor alimentary diet are conditions contributing to poor body condition. Classical and atypical scrapie is naturally occurring transmissible spongiform encephalopathies in small ruminants. The etiological agent for each one is prions. However, each of these scrapie types is epidemiologically, pathologically, and biochemically different. Though atypical scrapie occurs at low incidence, it is consistently prevalent in the small ruminant population. Hence, it is advisable to include differential diagnosis of this disease, from other possibilities, as a cause of wasting conditions detected during meat inspection at the abattoir. This manuscript is a review of the measures in force at the abattoir for scrapie control, focusing on the differential diagnosis of gross lesions related to wasting conditions detected in small ruminants during meat inspection.This article was funded by the Project POCI-01-0145-FEDER-029947 “Chronic wasting disease risk assessment in Portugal” supported by FCT (Fundação para a Ciência e a Tecnologia)- FEDER-Balcão2020, projects UIDB/04033/2020. Nuno Gonçalves-Anjo has a Ph.D. grant scholarship (reference number SFRH/BD/146961/2019) financed by FCT through FSE (Fundo Social Europeu). Also, the authors of the research unit CECAV and CITAB received funding from the FCT, under the projects UIDB/CVT/0772/2020 and UIDB/04033/2020, respectively.info:eu-repo/semantics/publishedVersio