Pharmacokinetic studies of ayahuasca alkaloids

O uso de substâncias alucinógenas há muito tempo é alvo de discussões, em virtude do grande número de adeptos que possui e das conseqüências que pode acarretar ao indivíduo e ao complexo contexto social no qual ele se enquadra na sociedade. Dentro desse panorama vem se destacando à utilização de uma bebida denominada ayahuasca, preparada pela infusão de plantas nativas da região da Bacia Amazônia, originariamente utilizada por indígenas em rituais xamânicos. A ayahuasca combina a ação alucinogênica da dimetiltriptamina (DMT), um agonista serotoninérgico de receptores 5-HT2A/2C com β-carbolinas, que são inibidoras da monoaminoxidase-A (MAO-A). Com o aumento do consumo dessa bebida em cerimônias de alguns movimentos sincréticos religiosos do Brasil como o Santo Daime e a União do Vegetal (UDV), recentemente teve seu uso para esse fim regulamentado e aprovado pela legislação brasileira. Nos últimos anos, esses grupos religiosos têm se espalhado na Europa e Estados Unidos, chamando a atenção de pesquisadores internacionais quanto aos efeitos da ayahuasca. Entretanto, relativamente poucas investigações tem sido realizadas, inclusive dos aspectos básicos como os estudos farmacocinéticos de seus princípios ativos em humanos. Da mesma forma, métodos analíticos para determinação dos principais alcalóides na bebida e em amostras biológicas também são escassos na literatura científica. No presente trabalho, será realizado um estudo farmacocinético dos alcalóides da ayahuasca. Para tanto, um método utilizando cromatografia em fase gasosa com detector de nitrogênio-fósforo (GC-NPD) para determinação simultânea de DMT e β-carbolinas em ayahuasca foi desenvolvido e validado. O método para quantificação em plasma é de fundamental importância para determinação das concentrações dos alcalóides nessa matriz e comparação dos níveis no plasma e os efeitos observados nos voluntários que ingeriram a bebida.The use of hallucinogenic substances has long been a matter of debate, due to the large number of supporters and has consequences that can result in the individual and the complex social context in which it fits into society. In this view has been increasing the use of a drink called ayahuasca, prepared by the infusion of plants native to the Amazon Basin region, originally used by indigenous people in shamanic rituals. Ayahuasca combines the action of hallucinogenic dimethyltryptamine (DMT), a serotonin receptor agonist 5-HT2A/2C with β-carbolines, which are inhibitors of monoamine oxidase A (MAO-A). With the increased consumption of this drink in ceremonies of some syncretic religious movements in Brazil and the Santo Daime and Uniao do Vegetal (UDV), recently had its use for that purpose is regulated and approved by the Brazilian legislation. In recent years, these religious groups have spread in Europe and the United States, calling the attention of international researchers on the effects of ayahuasca. However, relatively little research has been carried out, including the basics such as pharmacokinetic studies of its active compounds in humans. Similarly, analytical methods for determination of major alkaloids in drink and in biological samples are also rare in the literature. In this work, a detailed pharmacokinetic study of ayahuasca alkaloids. Therefore, a method using gas chromatography with nitrogen detector-phosphorus (GC-NPD) for the simultaneous determination of DMT and β-carbolines in ayahuasca was developed and validated. The method for quantification in plasma is of fundamental importance for determining the concentrations of alkaloids in the array and comparing the levels in plasma and the effects observed in volunteers who ingested the drink

Legislative Documents

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Gas Chromatographic Analysis of Dimethyltryptamine and beta-Carboline Alkaloids in Ayahuasca, an Amazonian Psychoactive Plant Beverage

Introduction - Ayahuasca is obtained by infusing the pounded stems of Banisteriopsis caapi in combination with the leaves of Psychotria viridis. P. viridis is rich in the psychedelic indole N,N-dimethyltryptamine, whereas B. caapi contains substantial amounts of beta-carboline alkaloids, mainly harmine, harmaline and tetrahydroharmine, which are monoamine-oxidase inhibitors. Because of differences in composition in ayahuasca preparations, a method to measure their main active constituents is needed. Objective - To develop a gas chromatographic method for the simultaneous determination of dimethyltryptamine and the main beta-carbolines found in ayahuasca preparations. Methodology - The alkaloids were extracted by means of solid phase extraction (C(18)) and detected by gas chromatography with nitrogen/phosphorous detector. Results - The lower limit of quantification (LLOQ) was 0.02 mg/mL for all analytes. The calibration curves were linear over a concentration range of 0.02-4.0 mg/mL (r(2) > 0.99). The method was also precise (RSD < 10%). Conclusion - A simple gas chromatographic method to determine the main alkaloids found in ayahuasca was developed and validated. The method can be useful to estimate administered doses in animals and humans for further pharmacological and toxicological investigations of ayahuasca. Copyright (C) 2009 John Wiley & Sons, Ltd.Fundacao de Amparo Pesquisa do Estado de Sao Paulo (FAPESP)[2006/00,388-5

Núcleos de Ensino da Unesp: artigos 2008

Conselho Nacional de Desenvolvimento Científico e Tecnológico (CNPq