Bezpieczeństwo: wymiar współczesny i perspektywy badań

Praca recenzowana / peer-reviewed paperPrezentowane wydawnictwo stanowi efekt obrad międzynarodowej konferencji naukowej zorganizowanej w dniach 12–13 października 2008 roku przez Katedrę Zarządzania Informacją, działającą w ramach Wydziału Ekonomii i Zarządzania, oraz, jak już wspomniano, przez Międzynarodowe Stowarzyszenie „Edukacja dla Obronności i Bezpieczeństwa”. Ambicją organizatorów konferencji było włączenie w tok dyskusji licznych przedstawicieli organów administracji państwa i samorządu, praktyki gospodarczej, nauki, mediów oraz studentów, zarówno z kraju, jak i z zagranicy

Sharing the Burdens of Climate Mitigation and Adaptation: Incorporating Fairness Perspectives into Policy Optimization Models

Mitigation of, and adaptation to, climate change can be addressed only through the collective action of multiple agents. The engagement of involved agents critically depends on their perception that the burdens and benefits of collective action are distributed fairly. Integrated Assessment Models (IAMs), which inform climate policies, focus on the minimization of costs and the maximization of overall utility, but they rarely pay sufficient attention to how costs and benefits are distributed among agents. Consequently, some agents may perceive the resultant model-based policy recommendations as unfair. In this paper, we propose how to adjust the objectives optimized within IAMs so as to derive policy recommendations that can plausibly be presented to agents as fair. We review approaches to aggregating the utilities of multiple agents into fairness-relevant social rankings of outcomes, analyze features of these rankings, and associate with them collections of properties that a model’s objective function must have to operationalize each of these rankings within the model. Moreover, for each considered ranking, we propose a selection of specific objective functions that can conveniently be used for generating this ranking in a model. Maximizing these objective functions within existing IAMs allows exploring and identifying climate polices to which multiple agents may be willing to commit

A Bayesian Framework for the Analysis and Optimal Mitigation of Cyber Threats to Cyber-Physical Systems

| openaire: EC/H2020/740920/EU//CYBECO Funding Information: The research was partly developed in the Young Scientists Summer Program at the International Institute for Applied Systems Analysis, Laxenburg (Austria) with financial support from the Academy of Finland. The research was partly supported by the European Union's Horizon 2020 Project 740920 CYBECO. Publisher Copyright: © 2022 The Authors. Risk Analysis published by Wiley Periodicals LLC on behalf of Society for Risk AnalysisCritical infrastructures are increasingly reliant on information and communications technology (ICT) for more efficient operations, which, at the same time, exposes them to cyber threats. As the frequency and severity of cyberattacks are increasing, so are the costs of critical infrastructure security. Efficient allocation of resources is thus a crucial issue for cybersecurity. A common practice in managing cyber threats is to conduct a qualitative analysis of individual attack scenarios through risk matrices, prioritizing the scenarios according to their perceived urgency and addressing them in order until all the resources available for cybersecurity are spent. Apart from methodological caveats, this approach may lead to suboptimal resource allocations, given that potential synergies between different attack scenarios and among available security measures are not taken into consideration. To overcome this shortcoming, we propose a quantitative framework that features: (1) a more holistic picture of the cybersecurity landscape, represented as a Bayesian network (BN) that encompasses multiple attack scenarios and thus allows for a better appreciation of vulnerabilities; and (2) a multiobjective optimization model built on top of the said BN that explicitly represents multiple dimensions of the potential impacts of successful cyberattacks. Our framework adopts a broader perspective than the standard cost–benefit analysis and allows the formulation of more nuanced security objectives. We also propose a computationally efficient algorithm that identifies the set of Pareto–optimal portfolios of security measures that simultaneously minimize various types of expected cyberattack impacts, while satisfying budgetary and other constraints. We illustrate our framework with a case study of electric power grids.Peer reviewe

Usefulness of porphyry and amphibolites as a component of concrete for airfield pavements

Coarse aggregate used as part of cement concrete is of primary significance for the obtained parameters of hardened concrete. In case of concretes intended for airfield pavements, the application of granite grit is recommended. Alternative to this type of aggregate in the form of porphyry and amphibolites aggregate was suggested. In order to assess the suitability of different aggregate types for concrete mixes, their bulk density, absorbability, polishing resistance, abrasion and crushing resistance were determined. Also, the internal structure of the suggested aggregates and its influence on changes of hardened concrete composite structure were subject to the assessment. The influence of aggregate type on the structure of cement matrix and contact areas between the matrix and aggregate grains were specified. The observed changes, in case of the internal structure of concretes based on porphyry and amphibolites aggregates, with reference to granite aggregate, resulted in changes of mechanical and physical parameters. Analyses included the determination of bulk density, absorbability, compression, bending and splitting resistance. According to the obtained laboratory test results, the significant influence of the aggregate type applied to the mix on parameters of hardened concrete, with regard to the application thereof to the airfield pavements was proved

Influence of Operating Media on the Parameters of Cement Concrete Intended for Airfield Pavements

The article presents the influence of the suggested operating media on the modification of parameters of cement concrete intended for airfield pavements. Cement concrete contains cement CEM I 42,5, granite grit, fine washed aggregate, water and air entraining as well as plasticizing additive. Analyses included the assessment of changes in mechanical and physical parameters (weight absorbability and water capillary action) of hardened concrete. The observed changes were associated with the internal structure of concrete composite. Based on the obtained results, different influence of the applied operating media on mechanical parameters of hardened concrete was determined

Usefulness of porphyry and amphibolites as a component of concrete for airfield pavements

Coarse aggregate used as part of cement concrete is of primary significance for the obtained parameters of hardened concrete. In case of concretes intended for airfield pavements, the application of granite grit is recommended. Alternative to this type of aggregate in the form of porphyry and amphibolites aggregate was suggested. In order to assess the suitability of different aggregate types for concrete mixes, their bulk density, absorbability, polishing resistance, abrasion and crushing resistance were determined. Also, the internal structure of the suggested aggregates and its influence on changes of hardened concrete composite structure were subject to the assessment. The influence of aggregate type on the structure of cement matrix and contact areas between the matrix and aggregate grains were specified. The observed changes, in case of the internal structure of concretes based on porphyry and amphibolites aggregates, with reference to granite aggregate, resulted in changes of mechanical and physical parameters. Analyses included the determination of bulk density, absorbability, compression, bending and splitting resistance. According to the obtained laboratory test results, the significant influence of the aggregate type applied to the mix on parameters of hardened concrete, with regard to the application thereof to the airfield pavements was proved

Potential role of PET-CT in chemotherapy efficacy assessment and recurrence diagnosis in a patient with a Wilms’ tumour

BACKGROUND: Wilms’ tumour is the most frequent renal malignancy in children. There is no worldwide consensus regarding treatment and PET-CT role in this neoplasm. The aim of this report is to demonstrate the potential role of PET-CT in chemotherapy efficacy assessment and recurrence diagnosis. CASE description: a 7-year-old boy was diagnosed with blastemic type Wilms’ tumour and underwent neoadjuvant chemotherapy, nephrectomy, and adjuvant chemotherapy in compliance with SIOP protocol. Three years later the patient underwent surgical resection of the metastasis and chemoradiotherapy. Nine months later tomography and PET-CT were performed (during the third month of the treatment due to a second recurrence). The results were equivocal but within four months the boy underwent surgical resection of a third recurrence. Fourteen months later a second PET-CT revealed an active disease with extensive involvement of the left lung and pleura. The patient was referred to oral palliative chemotherapy. DISCUSSION: Equivocal PET-CT results during chemotherapy should be interpreted with caution. The first, during third line chemotherapy, was equivocal; however, an early massive recurrence three months later indicates that treatment was ineffective. The second PET-CT examination fourteen months later, as the only modality, depicted massive progression of the disease. This suggests the value of this examination in recurrence diagnosis. CONCLUSIONS: PET-CT seems to be valuable technique in recurrence detection in patients with histologically unfavourable tumours. Equivocal results of PET-CT should raise suspicion of recurrence even in recently treated patients. The timing of CIM and PET-CT should be considered individually — no universal and reliable schedule exists. Nuclear Med Rev 2011; 14, 1: 33–3