QUANTIFICAÇÃO DE GASES DE EFEITO ESTUFA EM ATERRO SANITÁRIO NO MUNICÍPIO DE CUIABÁ

A disposição do lixo no Brasil, onde o uso de “lixões” ainda é muito comum, é um dos graves problemas ambientais. A emissão de gases produzidos pela decomposição anaeróbia da matéria orgânica pode ser uma ameaça ao ambiente local causando danos à vegetação, gerando odores desagradáveis, oferecendo ainda riscos de explosão. Este estudo objetivou avaliar as emissões de dióxido de carbono (CO2) e metano (CH4) no Aterro Sanitário no Município de Cuiabá, utilizando câmaras estáticas. Avaliou três pontos de amostragem com diferentes tempos de deposição de resíduos. Os valores anuais de CO2 foram: no ponto A (deposição recente), 19,02 μg CO2 m-2 h-1; no ponto B (deposição intermediária), 4,36 μg CO2 m-2 h-1 e, no ponto C (deposição com maior tempo), 2,59 μg CO2 m-2 h-1. A concentração de CH4 no ponto A foi 3,89 μg CH4 m-2 h-1 e 0,12 e 0,25 μg CH4 m-2 h-1 nos pontos B e C, respectivamente. Os resultados de CO2 e CH4 tiveram comportamentos semelhantes, houve aumento das concentrações. O estudo concluiu que fluxo de gases é dependente do tempo de deposição de resíduos e que, de acordo com esse tempo de deposição, a compactação do solo atua como limitador na emissão de GEE. QUANTIFICATION OF GREENHOUSE GASES IN LANDFILL IN CUIABÁ CITYThe disposal of garbage in Brazil is one of the serious environmental problems where the use of "dumps" is still very common. The emission of gases produced by the anaerobic decomposition of organic matter can be a threat to the local environment, causing damage to vegetation, generating unpleasant odors, also offering risks of explosion. This study objective evaluated emissions of Carbon Dioxide (CO2) and Methane (CH4) in landfill in the Cuiabá city, using static chambers. Three sampling points under different waste deposition times were evaluated. The annual flow of CO2 at point A (recent deposition) was 19.02 μg CO2 m-2 h-1, at point B (intermediate), it was 4.36 μg CO2 m-2 h-1, and at point C (deposition with longer time) was 2.59 μg CO2 m-2 h-1. The concentration of CH4 at point A was 3.89 μg CH4 m-2 h- and 0.12 and 0.25 μg CH4 m-2 h-1 respectively at points B and C. The results of CO2 and CH4, have similar behavior, occurring increase of concentrations. It concluded that gas flow is dependent on the time of waste deposition, and according to the time of deposition, the soil compaction performances as a limiting factor in GHG emissions

Evapotranspiração do Algodoeiro Estimado pelo Método do Balanço de Energia e pelo Método de Penman-Monteith

This work objective was compare the evapotranspiration of thecotton crop measure by the balance of energy and estimate by the Penman-Monteith (PM) model. Methods to calculate energy balance, mainly Bowenratio and Penman-Monteith (PM) model were applied. The values ofradiation varied from 8,50 W.m-2 to 642,06 W.m-2, with average of 251,01W.m-2. The crop resistance was 7.01 s.m-1to 333,33 s.m-1, with average 81.10s.m-1. The rainfall in the growing period was 347.20 mm during 150 dayswith a daily average approximately 2.31 mm. The daily evapotranspirationwas 0,27; 3,44; 3,50; 1,46; 1,53 and 3,02 mm.day-1 during the 52, 62, 83, 97,110 and 125 days after sowing (DAP), respectively. The results ofevapotranspiration obtained for the Bowen ratio method (ETB) werecorrelated with the results estimated by the Penman-Monteith model (PM),with R² = 0,97. The time of evapotranspiration verified by PM was 21%lower than that by ETB.O objetivo deste trabalho foi comparar a evapotranspiração dacultura de algodão medida por balanço de energia e estimada pelo modelode Penman-Monteith (PM). Foram utilizados os métodos de balanço deenergia, especialmente razão de Bowen e o modelo de Penman-Monteith.Os valores de saldo de radiação variaram entre 8,54 W.m2 e 642,06 W.m2,com um valor médio de 251,01 W.m2 e a resistência da cultura foi de 7,01s.m-1 a 333,33 s.m-1e valor médio de 81,10 s.m-1. A precipitação no períodode cultivo foi de 347,20 mm durante 150 dias, com média diária de aproximadamente2,31 mm. A evapotranspiração diária foi de 0,27; 3,44; 3,50;1,46; 1,53 e 3,02 mm.dia-1 durante os 52, 62, 83, 97, 110 e 125 dias após oplantio (DAP), respectivamente. Os valores de evapotranspiração obtidoscom método da razão de Bowen (ETB) foram correlacionados com valoresestimados pelo modelo de Penman-Monteith (PM), com R² = 0,97. Aevapotranspiração horária obtida por PM foi 21% menor quando comparadaàquela obtida por ETB

Níveis de monóxido de carbono exalado em trabalhadores de churrascarias em uma cidade da Amazônia Legal Brasileira

Occupational exposure to smoke from commercial kitchens such as steakhouses may be associated with an increase in the prevalence of respiratory symptoms and an acute reversible decrease in pulmonary functional capacity, and exposure to coal smoke is a risk factor for the development of respiratory diseases. The objetive of study was evaluate the levels of exhaled carbon monoxide (COex) and carboxyhemoglobin (COHb) in steakhouse workers. This is an observational, longitudinal and prospective study in the city of Cuiabá, Mato Grosso, Brazil. The total of 29 professionals working in steakhouses participated in the study. Data on socio-demographic characteristics, work environment characteristics, life habits and respiratory symptoms were extracted from questionnaires. COex and COHb levels were measured before exposure and every hour up to a 4 hour exposure period. Twenty-nine workers participated, with a predominance of females (55.2%), with a mean age of 36.40±11.49 years. It was observed that 18 (62%) of the workers had respiratory symptoms. COex and COHb levels were elevated after 4 hour exposure (p<0.05), but within acceptable parameters.  COex and COHb levels are elevated in a short period of time to occupational exposure to steakhouse activities.A exposição ocupacional à fumaça de cozinhas comerciais, como churrascarias, pode estar associada a um aumento na prevalência de sintomas respiratórios e uma diminuição reversível aguda capacidade funcional, sendo a exposição à fumaça do carvão um fator de risco para o desenvolvimento de doenças respiratórias. O objetivo do estudo foi avaliar os níveis de monóxido de carbono exalado (COex) e carboxihemoglobina (COHb) em trabalhadores de churrascaria. Trata-se de um estudo observacional, longitudinal e prospectivo realizado na cidade de Cuiabá, Mato Grosso, Brasil. Um total de 29 profissionais que trabalham em churrascarias participaram do estudo. Foram aplicados questionários com questões referentes a características sócio demográficas, características do ambiente de trabalho, hábitos de vida e sintomas respiratórios. Os níveis de COex e COHb foram medidos antes da exposição e a cada hora até um período de exposição de 4 horas. Dos vinte e nove trabalhadores que participaram, a predominância foi do sexo feminino (55,2%), com média de idade de 36,40±11,49 anos. Foi observado que 18 (62%) dos trabalhadores apresentavam sintomas respiratórios. Os níveis de COex e COHb estavam elevados após 4 horas de exposição (p<0,05), mas dentro dos parâmetros aceitáveis. Os níveis de COex e COHb são elevados em curto período de tempo de exposição ocupacional em atividades laborais de churrascaria

Soil N, P, and C dynamics of upland and seasonally flooded forests of the Brazilian Pantanal

Seasonal variations in cerrado nutrient availability and mineralization are poorly understood, especially for “hyperseasonal” cerrado, which experiences both flooding and drought over an annual cycle. Here we quantified seasonal variations in soil ammonium (NH4+), phosphorus (P), and organic C (SOC) concentration and net mineralization in upland and seasonally flooded cerrado forests of the Brazilian Pantanal, and hypothesized that NH4+, P, and SOC concentrations and net mineralization would decline under flooding and increase during the dry season as soil becomes unsaturated. We found that C and nutrient concentrations and mineralization were significantly affected by seasonal variations in hydrology; however, differences between flooded and upland forests varied over time and were not always related to flooding. Soil extractable P, but not net mineralization, was approximately 10-times higher in the upland forest, while the flooded forest had higher extractable NH4+ concentration than the upland forest under both flooded and drained conditions. Soil C concentration was significantly higher in the upland forest even though C mineralization was similar for both forests. Thus, despite the large seasonal and spatial variations in hydrology, the effects of flooding depended on the particular response variable studied and the season. While a limited survey of the literature indicates that forests exposed to intermittent flooding had on average higher concentrations of extractable NH4+ and P, the upland and hyperseasonal forests studied here were richer in extractable NH4+ (upland and flooded) and P (upland) compared to other upland and hyperseasonal forests and woodlands. Given that the forests studied here shared nearly a third of the total tree species and had similar physiognomy, these results suggest that nutrient controls on cerrado structural diversity may be similar in upland and hyperseasonal cerrado

Nitrogen and phosphorus pools and fluxes in upland and seasonally flooded forests and woodlands of the Cerrado-Pantanal transition of Brazil

Brazilian tropical savanna (referred to as Cerrado) has enormous structural variability ranging from tree- and shrub-free grasslands to tall, dense forests that are found in both well-drained upland and seasonally flooded (hyperseasonal) landforms. These structural and hydrological variations cause variations in aboveground carbon (C) storage, and presumably nitrogen (N) and phosphorus (P) storage and fluxes; however, the effects of these structural and hydrological variations on ecosystem N and P pools and fluxes are less well-known. Thus, our objective was to analyze N and P pools and fluxes for a spectrum of Cerrado physiognomies in both upland and hyperseasonal landforms. N and P pools and fluxes were compiled over an 8-10 year period in structurally different forms of Cerrado, including both upland and hyperseasonal grass dominated (campo sujo), typical wooded (sensu stricto) and dense wooded cerrado, and forested Cerrado stands located in the Cuiaba Basin and Northern Pantanal of southern Mato Grosso, Brazil. We found that aboveground N and P storage was generally higher in forested Cerrado than in non-forest landcover types, regardless of hydrology; however, these patterns were not consistent as wood N and P storage was just as high in typical- and dense-wooded savanna as in forested savannas. Wood typically made up the largest aboveground vegetation N and P reservoir, even for woody-grass savanna (campo sujo) which had a substantially lower tree density than wooded or forested savanna, followed by litter and roots, and then foliage. However, the vast majority of N and P was found in the upper 50 cm soil layer, accounting for 82-98% and 72-98% of the total ecosystem N and P, respectively, and even if only the 0-10 cm soil layer is considered, more than half of the ecosystem N and P was found in soil. Nutrient return via litter production was the largest flux followed by mineralization and root uptake, and nutrient cycling in litter production tended to be higher for forests than for wooded and woody-grass savannas. Savanna woodlands and forests in the Pantanal had higher N and P storage than comparable woodlands and forests in the Cuiaba Basin, presumably because of the shallower and stonier soils of the Cuiaba Basin. However, while the vegetation types studied here had large differences in structure (vegetation height, leaf area index, and density), the forested and wooded savannas had comparable belowground and wood N and P pools

Efluxo de CO2 do solo em floresta de transição Amazônia Cerrado e em área de pastagem Soil efflux CO2 in mature transitional tropical forest Amazônia and pasture area

O objetivo deste trabalho foi (a) estimar o efluxo de CO2 do solo em uma Floresta de Transição Amazônica Cerrado e em uma área de Pastagem localizadas no norte do Mato Grosso, e (b) verificar a influência da umidade e temperatura do solo, e serrapilheira acumulada no efluxo de CO2. As medições foram realizadas com aparelho de absorção de CO2 por infravermelho (EGM/WMA-2 PP System, Hitchin Hertz, UK) de maio/2005 a abril/2006. Os valores médios do efluxo de CO2 do solo na Floresta e na área de Pastagem foram de 5,45 e 4,95 µmolm-2s-1, respectivamente. Uma resposta satisfatória do efluxo de CO2 do solo e a serrapilheira acumulada, ocorreu somente na estação seca. Na estação seca o comportamento do efluxo de CO2 do solo foi semelhante na Floresta de Transição Amazônica Cerrado e na área de Pastagem, e na estação úmida os ecossistemas apresentaram comportamentos distintos, e o efluxo de CO2 do solo na área de Pastagem foi superior ao na Floresta de Transição. É essencial que se avalie a influência de outros fatores no efluxo de CO2 em ecossistemas localizados em um mesmo ecótono para a obtenção de novas respostas que contribuíam para esclarecer as dúvidas da emissão de CO2 em nível mundial.<br>The objective of this paper was (a) to estimate the CO2 soil efflux in a Mature Transitional Tropical Forest Amazonia and a area of Pasture in the north of the Mato Grosso; (b) to analyzer the influence of the soil humidity and temperature, and accumulated litter. The measurements had been carried through with device of CO2 absorption for infra-red ray (EGM/WMA-2 PP System, Hitchin Hertz, UK) in may/2005 to april/2006. The average values of the CO2 efflux of the ground in the Forest and the area of 5,45 and 4,94 µmolm-2s-1 Pasture µmolm-2s-1, respectively. In the dry season the behavior of the CO2 efflux of the ground was similar in the Mature Transitional Tropical Forest Amazonian and in the area of Pasture, and in the wet season the ecosystems had presented distinct behaviors, and the CO2 efflux of the ground in the area of Pasture was superior to the one in the Transitional Forest. It is essential that if it evaluates the influence of other factors in the CO2 efflux in ecosystems located in one same ecótono for the attainment of new answers that contribution to clarify doubt atmospheric CO2 emission to them the worldwide level

Reduction of cardiac imaging tests during the COVID-19 pandemic: The case of Italy. Findings from the IAEA Non-invasive Cardiology Protocol Survey on COVID-19 (INCAPS COVID)

Background: In early 2020, COVID-19 massively hit Italy, earlier and harder than any other European country. This caused a series of strict containment measures, aimed at blocking the spread of the pandemic. Healthcare delivery was also affected when resources were diverted towards care of COVID-19 patients, including intensive care wards. Aim of the study: The aim is assessing the impact of COVID-19 on cardiac imaging in Italy, compare to the Rest of Europe (RoE) and the World (RoW). Methods: A global survey was conducted in May–June 2020 worldwide, through a questionnaire distributed online. The survey covered three periods: March and April 2020, and March 2019. Data from 52 Italian centres, a subset of the 909 participating centres from 108 countries, were analyzed. Results: In Italy, volumes decreased by 67% in March 2020, compared to March 2019, as opposed to a significantly lower decrease (p &lt; 0.001) in RoE and RoW (41% and 40%, respectively). A further decrease from March 2020 to April 2020 summed up to 76% for the North, 77% for the Centre and 86% for the South. When compared to the RoE and RoW, this further decrease from March 2020 to April 2020 in Italy was significantly less (p = 0.005), most likely reflecting the earlier effects of the containment measures in Italy, taken earlier than anywhere else in the West. Conclusions: The COVID-19 pandemic massively hit Italy and caused a disruption of healthcare services, including cardiac imaging studies. This raises concern about the medium- and long-term consequences for the high number of patients who were denied timely diagnoses and the subsequent lifesaving therapies and procedures

Impact of COVID-19 on Diagnostic Cardiac Procedural Volume in Oceania: The IAEA Non-Invasive Cardiology Protocol Survey on COVID-19 (INCAPS COVID)

Objectives: The INCAPS COVID Oceania study aimed to assess the impact caused by the COVID-19 pandemic on cardiac procedure volume provided in the Oceania region. Methods: A retrospective survey was performed comparing procedure volumes within March 2019 (pre-COVID-19) with April 2020 (during first wave of COVID-19 pandemic). Sixty-three (63) health care facilities within Oceania that perform cardiac diagnostic procedures were surveyed, including a mixture of metropolitan and regional, hospital and outpatient, public and private sites, and 846 facilities outside of Oceania. The percentage change in procedure volume was measured between March 2019 and April 2020, compared by test type and by facility. Results: In Oceania, the total cardiac diagnostic procedure volume was reduced by 52.2% from March 2019 to April 2020, compared to a reduction of 75.9% seen in the rest of the world (p&lt;0.001). Within Oceania sites, this reduction varied significantly between procedure types, but not between types of health care facility. All procedure types (other than stress cardiac magnetic resonance [CMR] and positron emission tomography [PET]) saw significant reductions in volume over this time period (p&lt;0.001). In Oceania, transthoracic echocardiography (TTE) decreased by 51.6%, transoesophageal echocardiography (TOE) by 74.0%, and stress tests by 65% overall, which was more pronounced for stress electrocardiograph (ECG) (81.8%) and stress echocardiography (76.7%) compared to stress single-photon emission computerised tomography (SPECT) (44.3%). Invasive coronary angiography decreased by 36.7% in Oceania. Conclusion: A significant reduction in cardiac diagnostic procedure volume was seen across all facility types in Oceania and was likely a function of recommendations from cardiac societies and directives from government to minimise spread of COVID-19 amongst patients and staff. Longer term evaluation is important to assess for negative patient outcomes which may relate to deferral of usual models of care within cardiology

International Impact of COVID-19 on the Diagnosis of Heart Disease

Background: The coronavirus disease 2019 (COVID-19) pandemic has adversely affected diagnosis and treatment of noncommunicable diseases. Its effects on delivery of diagnostic care for cardiovascular disease, which remains the leading cause of death worldwide, have not been quantified. Objectives: The study sought to assess COVID-19's impact on global cardiovascular diagnostic procedural volumes and safety practices. Methods: The International Atomic Energy Agency conducted a worldwide survey assessing alterations in cardiovascular procedure volumes and safety practices resulting from COVID-19. Noninvasive and invasive cardiac testing volumes were obtained from participating sites for March and April 2020 and compared with those from March 2019. Availability of personal protective equipment and pandemic-related testing practice changes were ascertained. Results: Surveys were submitted from 909 inpatient and outpatient centers performing cardiac diagnostic procedures, in 108 countries. Procedure volumes decreased 42% from March 2019 to March 2020, and 64% from March 2019 to April 2020. Transthoracic echocardiography decreased by 59%, transesophageal echocardiography 76%, and stress tests 78%, which varied between stress modalities. Coronary angiography (invasive or computed tomography) decreased 55% (p &lt; 0.001 for each procedure). In multivariable regression, significantly greater reduction in procedures occurred for centers in countries with lower gross domestic product. Location in a low-income and lower–middle-income country was associated with an additional 22% reduction in cardiac procedures and less availability of personal protective equipment and telehealth. Conclusions: COVID-19 was associated with a significant and abrupt reduction in cardiovascular diagnostic testing across the globe, especially affecting the world's economically challenged. Further study of cardiovascular outcomes and COVID-19–related changes in care delivery is warranted