Detecting Lunar and Martian Water via Backscattered Cosmic Particles using Muon Tomography

Introduction The search for water on the Lunar and Martian surfaces is a cornerstone of space exploration, playing a key role in expanding our understanding of the history and evolution of these celestial bodies. Despite its importance, current knowledge about the distribution, concentration, origin, and migration of water on the Moon and Mars is still limited. This study aims to address these gaps by employing a novel approach that leverages cosmic-ray muon detectors and backscattered radiation. Through the use of advanced muon tracking systems and preliminary simulations conducted with GEANT4, the research suggests that muon tomography holds significant promise for improving our understanding of water-ice content on the Lunar and Martian surfaces. Data Description Data and detector models were generated using GEANT4. The simulations include: Lunar and Martian dry regolith Lunar and Martian regolith with water-ice beneath the surface Contents This record includes: *.csv: Output raw files from GEANT4, including 5D information, scattering angle, detector plate position, and particle type. backscatter_eventselection.py: Python code to filter events and generate a CSV file of selected backscattered events. *.tiff: Visualization files depicting Lunar and Martian scenarios, including detector geometry and particle events. ml_classifier.py: Python code for machine learning tasks to classify backscattered events. OP_Muographers_2023.pdf: Detailed description of chemical composition and simulated scenarios. Tracking_EKF: Performs track reconstruction and computes track lengths using extended Kalman Filter. Disclaimer The provided datasets are simulated samples suitable for conceptual R&D and performance studies. They have not been calibrated against real data and should not be used for physics projections about the detectors

Shower Shapes in a Highly Granular SiPM-on-Tile Analog Hadron Calorimeter

This thesis concerns the development of a hadron calorimeter for future $e^+ e^−$ collider experiments such as ILC. The detectors at the ILC are optimized for the particle-flow approach, which aims to reach a jet energy resolution of 3-4% by measuring each particle in a jet using the best sub-detector measurement. This can only be achieved by using highly granular calorimeters. The CAlorimeter for LInear Collider Experiment (CALICE) collaboration develops different imaging calorimeters with high granularity. The work in this dissertation presents the analysis of shower shapes with data recorded using a CALICE Analog Hadron CALorimeter (AHCAL) technological prototype. It is a sampling calorimeter made of layers of steel absorbers interleaved with 30 × 30 × 3 mm$^3$ scintillating tiles with Silicon PhotoMultipliers (SiPM)-on-tile readout as active material. The prototype has been operated successfully at CERN in 2018 and acquired sizeable datasets using beams of muons, electrons and pions at different beam energies.Firstly, a successful calibration with more than 99.9% channels of the AHCAL prototype and stable operation over several weeks of testbeam periods is presented. Secondly, GEANT4 simulations are compared to testbeam data as a cross-check to detector calibration. In addition, the conventional calorimeter properties such as the detector response and single-particle energy resolution is evaluated. Using the obtained AHCAL data, this dissertation presents the first three-dimensional hadronic shower model describing the evolution of the average hadronic shower of a pion in the energy range between 10 and 200 GeV. Furthermore, this model holds potential implications for fast simulations and the Particle Flow Approach (PFA). Finally, a comparison is done to validate and understand the picture of an average hadron shower shape by exploiting the Monte Carlo truth information

Analysis of Testbeam Data of the Highly Granular RPC-Steel CALICE Digital Hadron Calorimeter and Validation of Geant4 Monte Carlo Models

We present a study of the response of the highly granular Digital Hadronic Calorimeter with steel absorbers, the Fe-DHCAL, to positrons, muons, and pions with momenta ranging from 2 to 60 GeV/c. Developed in the context of the CALICE collaboration, this hadron calorimeter utilises Resistive Plate Chambers as active media, interspersed with steel absorber plates. With a transverse granularity of $1\,\times\,1\,$cm$^{2}$ and a longitudinal segmentation of 38 layers, the calorimeter counted 350,208 readout channels, each read out with single-bit resolution (digital readout). The data were recorded in the Fermilab test beam in 2010-11. The analysis includes measurements of the calorimeter response and the energy resolution to positrons and muons, as well as detailed studies of various shower shape quantities. The results are compared to simulations based on Geant4, which utilise different electromagnetic and hadronic physics lists

Characterisation of different stages of hadronic showers using the CALICE Si-W ECAL physics prototype

A detailed investigation of hadronic interactions is performed using -mesons with energies in the range 2–10 GeV incident on a high granularity silicon–tungsten electromagnetic calorimeter. The data were recorded at FNAL in 2008. The region in which the -mesons interact with the detector material and the produced secondary particles are characterised using a novel track-finding algorithm that reconstructs tracks within hadronic showers in a calorimeter in the absence of a magnetic field. The principle of carrying out detector monitoring and calibration using secondary tracks is also demonstrated

International Large Detector: Interim Design Report

The ILD detector is proposed for an electron-positron collider with collision centre-of-mass energies from 90~\GeV~to about 1~\TeV. It has been developed over the last 10 years by an international team of scientists with the goal to design and eventually propose a fully integrated detector, primarily for the International Linear Collider, ILC. In this report the fundamental ideas and concepts behind the ILD detector are discussed and the technologies needed for the realisation of the detector are reviewed. The document starts with a short review of the science goals of the ILC, and how the goals can be achieved today with the detector technologies at hand. After a discussion of the ILC and the environment in which the experiment will take place, the detector is described in more detail, including the status of the development of the technologies foreseen for each subdetector. The integration of the different sub-systems into an integrated detector is discussed, as is the interface between the detector and the collider. This is followed by a concise summary of the benchmarking which has been performed in order to find an optimal balance between performance and cost. To the end the costing methodology used by ILD is presented, and an updated cost estimate for the detector is presented. The report closes with a summary of the current status and of planned future actions

The ILD detector at the ILC

The International Large Detector, ILD, is a detector concept which has been developed for the electron-positron collider ILC. The detector has been optimized for precision physics in a range of energies between 90 GeV and 1 TeV. ILD features a high precision, large volume combined silicon and gaseous tracking system, together with a high granularity calorimeter, all inside a 3.5 T solenoidal magnetic field. The paradigm of particle flow has been the guiding principle of the design of ILD. In this document the required performance of the detector, the proposed implementation and the readiness of the different technologies needed for the implementation are discussed. This is done in the framework of the ILC collider proposal, now under consideration in Japan, and includes site specific aspects needed to build and operate the detector at the proposed ILC site in Japan