33 research outputs found

    Orthopedic manifestations in patients with mucopolysaccharidosis type II (Hunter syndrome) enrolled in the Hunter Outcome Survey

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    Mucopolysaccharidosis type II (MPS II or Hunter syndrome) is a rare, inherited disorder caused by deficiency of the lysosomal enzyme iduronate-2-sulfatase. As a result of this deficiency, glycosaminoglycans accumulate in lysosomes in many tissues, leading to progressive multisystemic disease. The cardiopulmonary and neurological problems associated with MPS II have received considerable attention. Orthopedic manifestations are common but not as well characterized. This study aimed to characterize the prevalence and severity of orthopedic manifestations of MPS II and to determine the relationship of these signs and symptoms with cardiovascular, pulmonary and central nervous system involvement

    Elevated holo-transcobalamin in Gaucher disease type II : a case report

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    Gaucher disease (GD), one of the most common lysosomal disorders, is caused by deficiency of β-glucocerebrosidase. Based on the presence and severity of neurological complications, GD is classified into types I, II (the most severe form), and III. Abnormalities in systemic markers of vitamin B12 (B12) metabolism have been reported in GD type I patients, suggesting a higher prevalence of B12 deficiency in these patients. A 2-month-old male with GD type II was admitted to the hospital presenting jaundice, hepatosplenomegaly, and ichthyosis. At admission, cholestasis and ascites, abnormal liver function enzymes, prolonged prothrombin time, and high levels of B12 were confirmed. Analysis of biomarkers of B12 status revealed elevated B12 and holo-transcobalamin (holo-TC) levels. The B12 profile found in our patient is the opposite to what is described for GD type I patients. Holo-TC may increase in inflammatory states or due to liver diseases. In GD, the accumulation of glucocerebroside may be a trigger that initiates a systemic inflammatory reaction, characterized by macrophage activation. We suggest higher levels of holo-TC could be associated with a more severe (neuronopathic) GD, and be a biomarker of GD type II

    Initial clinical presentation in cases of inborn errors of metabolism in a reference children's hospital : still a diagnostic challenge

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    Objetivo: Avaliar a apresentação clínica inicial dos casos com diagnóstico confirmado de erros inatos do metabolismo (EIM) em um serviço de referência em atendimento pediátrico. Métodos: Estudo clínico, observacional, com delineamento transversal e de coleta retrospectiva em consulta ambulatorial de 2009 a 2013. Critério de inclusão: paciente encaminhado para investigação de EIM. Critério de exclusão: diagnóstico prévio de EIM. Variáveis analisadas: dados de identificação; situação atual da investigação diagnóstica; história familiar; apresentação clínica inicial; alterações laboratoriais. Os dados foram analisados por meio de estatística descritiva Resultados: Incluídos 144 pacientes, sendo 62,5% do sexo masculino. A mediana de idade foi de 2,6 anos e a média de 4,3 ± 4,7 anos. Doze pacientes (8,3%) tiveram o diagnóstico confirmado (três com aminoacidopatias, três com acidemias orgânicas, dois com distúrbios do ciclo da ureia e quatro com doenças de depósito lisossômico). Déficit cognitivo e convulsões foram os sinais e sintomas iniciais; seguidos de retardo de crescimento, atraso do desenvolvimento neuropsicomotor, convulsões e hepatomegalia. As principais alterações laboratoriais encontradas foram hiperamonemia e acidose metabólica. Conclusões: O diagnóstico dos EIM ainda traz desafios à prática pediátrica. Neste estudo foram identificados os seguintes fatores: dificuldade de acesso aos exames laboratoriais específicos, reduzido número de especialistas e pouca difusão do conhecimento nas faculdades da área da saúde. O diagnóstico precoce dos EIM tem impacto fundamental no tratamento e prevenção das sequelas, devendo ser considerado já nas hipóteses diagnósticas iniciais.Objective: To assess the initial clinical presentation of confirmed cases of inborn errors of metabolism (IEM) at a reference facility for pediatric care. Methods: Cross-sectional, observational and descriptive study with data collection of outpatients, from January 2009 to December 2013. Inclusion criterion: referral to IEM investigation. Exclusion criterion: prior diagnosis of IEM. Analyzed variables: identification data; status of diagnostic investigation; family history of IEM; initial clinical presentation, laboratory abnormalities related to the hypothesis of IEM. Descriptive statistical methods were used in the data analysis. Results: We included 144 patients in the study, of which 62.5% were male. The mean and median ages were, respectively, 4.3 ± 4.7 years and 2.6 years. Twelve patients (8.3%) had a confirmed diagnosis of IEM (three with aminoacidopathies, three with organic acidemias, two with urea cycle disorders and four with lysosomal storage diseases). Cognitive impairment and seizures were the initial signs and symptoms, followed by growth retardation, neuropsychomotor developmental delay, seizures and hepatomegaly. The main laboratory abnormalities in the diagnosis were hyperammonemia and metabolic acidosis. Conclusions: The diagnosis of IEM still creates challenges to the pediatric practice. In this study, we identified the following factors: difficulty to access specific laboratory tests, reduced number of experts and poor dissemination of knowledge among healthcare schools. The early diagnosis of IEM majorly impacts the treatment and prevention of sequelae and should be considered in the initial diagnostic hypotheses

    Enzyme replacement therapy for mucopolysaccharidosis type I among patients followed within the MPS Brazil network

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    Mucopolysaccharidosis type I (MPS I) is a rare lysosomal disorder caused by deficiency of alpha-L-iduronidase. Few clinical trials have assessed the effect of enzyme replacement therapy (ERT) for this condition. We conducted an exploratory, open-label, non-randomized, multicenter cohort study of patients with MPS I. Data were collected from questionnaires completed by attending physicians at the time of diagnosis (T1; n = 34) and at a median time of 2.5 years later (T2; n = 24/34). The 24 patients for whom data were available at T2 were allocated into groups: A, no ERT (9 patients; median age at T1 = 36 months; 6 with severe phenotype); B, on ERT (15 patients; median age at T1 = 33 months; 4 with severe phenotype). For all variables in which there was no between-group difference at baseline, a delta of ≥ ± 20% was considered clinically relevant. The following clinically relevant differences were identified in group B in T2: lower rates of mortality and reported hospitalization for respiratory infection; lower frequency of hepatosplenomegaly; increased reported rates of obstructive sleep apnea syndrome and hearing loss; and stabilization of gibbus deformity. These changes could be due to the effect of ERT or of other therapies which have also been found more frequently in group B. Our findings suggest MPS I patients on ERT also receive a better overall care. ERT may have a positive effect on respiratory morbidity and overall mortality in patients with MPS I. Additional studies focusing on these outcomes and on other therapies should be performed.Mucopolysaccharidosis type I (MPS I) is a rare lysosomal disorder caused by deficiency of alpha-L-iduronidase. Fewclinical trials have assessed the effect of enzyme replacement therapy (ERT) for this condition. We conducted an exploratory, open-label, n3712329CNPQ - CONSELHO NACIONAL DE DESENVOLVIMENTO CIENTÍFICO E TECNOLÓGICOsem informaçã

    Um Estudo sobre a história natural da mucopolissacaridose tipo II (Síndrome de Hunter) em pacientes brasileiros

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    Objetivo: O objetivo deste estudo longitudinal e observacional em pacientes masculinos com mucopolissacaridose tipo II / síndrome de Hunter foi de contribuir para o melhor entendimento da história natural dessa doença e estabelecer parâmetros que permitam avaliar a eficácia de protocolos de tratamento atualmente em desenvolvimento. Material e Métodos: Foram realizadas 2 avaliações num intervalo de um ano. Na visita inicial, 20 pacientes com MPS II (confirmados pela deficiência da iduronato sulfatase), realizaram: anamnese, exame físico, ressonâncias magnéticas nucleares do abdome e do sistema nervoso central, ecocardiograma e eletrocardiograma, teste da caminhada em 6 minutos, polissonografia, testes de função pulmonar, audiometria, testes de desenvolvimento e inteligência, avaliação oftalmológica, testes bioquímicos e hematológicos, e análise de glicosaminoglicanos na urina. Onze dos 20 pacientes também foram avaliados um ano após (visita de 12 meses) quando realizaram: anamnese, exame físico, ressonância magnética nuclear do abdome, ecocardiograma, teste da caminhada em 6 minutos, testes de função pulmonar, audiometria, exames de bioquímicos e análise de glicosaminoglicanos na urina. Resultados relativos à visita inicial: 1. Os pacientes vieram das seguintes regiões brasileiras: Sudeste (10/20), Nordeste (6/20) e Sul (4/20); 2. A média da atividade de IDS em plasma foi de 4,1 nanomoles/4h/mL (intervalo: 1,1-10,0); 3. A média de idade na avaliação foi de 9,4 anos; 4. Os primeiros sintomas mais freqüentemente relatados foram: hepatoesplenomegalia (5/20) e infecções respiratórias (5/20); 5. A média de idade do início dos sintomas foi 27,4 meses; 6. A média de idade do diagnóstico bioquímico foi 70,8 meses; 7. A estatura estava abaixo de 2 desvios-padrão em 10/17 pacientes; 8. O perímetro cefálico estava no e/ou acima do percentil 98 em 18/20; 9. Pápulas esbranquiçadas e nódulos foram observadas em 4/20 pacientes e uma mancha mongólica extensa em um paciente; 10. Em 16/19 pacientes foi observada regurgitação mitral no ecocardiograma; 11. Foi encontrada diferença estatisticamente significativa entre a média das distâncias caminhadas pelos pacientes entre os 2 dias do teste da caminhada em 6 minutos de (p<0,05); 12. Na espirometria, 5/20 pacientes apresentaram diminuição da capacidade vital forçada; 13. Os resultados da polissonografia foram anormais em 13/20 pacientes; 14. Na audiometria, 13/20 pacientes apresentaram algum grau de hipoacusia; 15. Nenhum dos pacientes apresentava opacificação de córnea, sendo o edema de coróide o achado ocular mais comum (8/20); 16. Em 14/20 pacientes comprometimento neurológico foi identificado; 17. Lesões hiperintensas e isointensas na substância branca foram os achados mais freqüentes na ressonância nuclear magnética cerebral (18/19); 18. A ressonância nuclear magnética do abdome evidenciou a presença hepatomegalia (sem esplenomegalia) em três pacientes e em outros dois esplenomegalia (sem hepatomegalia). 19. Os resultados dos exames laboratoriais demonstraram aumento de: LDH (12/14), ALT (6/20), AST (6/20), atividade da fosfatase alcalina (6/20), colesterol (2/19); glicose (1/20) e GGT (1/20). Outros achados: hemoconcentração (3/17) e plaquetopenia (3/17). Os glicosaminoglicanos urinários estavam, em média, cinco vezes maiores que os valores normais para a faixa etária (média da amostra: 49,8mg/mmolcreat); 20. Não foi encontrada correlação entre a atividade de IDS e a idade de início dos sintomas; 21. Não foi encontrada correlação entre a excreção urinária de GAGs e a média da distância percorrida no teste da caminhada em 6 minutos e nem entre a média da distância percorrida e 1) a gravidade da lesão aórtica e 2) a gravidade da apnéia obstrutiva do sono. Resultados relativos à comparação entre a visita inicial e a de 12 meses: 1. Na visita de 12 meses o número de pacientes foi reduzido para onze porque seis deles migraram para um protocolo de tratamento e três não apresentavam mais condições clínicas de realizarem os testes; 2. Os pacientes vieram das seguintes regiões brasileiras: Sudeste (4/11), Nordeste (3/11) e Sul (4/11); 3. Como os pacientes mais velhos saíram desse estudo, a média da idade na segunda visita foi de 7,3 anos; 4. Três pacientes apresentaram declínio dos seus percentis em relação à altura; 5. Um paciente desenvolveu as pápulas esbranquiçadas nesse ano e os outros 3 já as apresentavam desde a visita inicial. 5. Dois pacientes tiveram o aumento do número de lesões cardíacas e 4 apresentaram aumento da espessura ventrículo esquerdo. Um paciente teve piora da fração de ejeção; 6. Não foi encontrada uma diferença estatisticamente significativa entre a média das distâncias percorridas, pelos mesmos pacientes, no teste da caminhada em 6 minutos entre as 2 visitas; 7. Os três pacientes que realizaram espirometria tinham comprometida a sua capacidade pulmonar; o único paciente que estava repetindo esse exame manteve as alterações da visita inicial; 8. A perda de audição foi confirmada em 7/11 pacientes; 9. Foi observado um aumento significativo do volume esplênico entre as 2 visitas (p<0,05), ao contrário do volume hepático que não apresentou diferença significativa; 10. Foi observado um aumento significativo dos níveis de GGT entre as 2 visitas (p<0,05). 12. Não foi encontrada diferença estatisticamente significativa da excreção urinária de GAGs entre as 2 visitas. Discussão: A nossa amostra foi predominantemente composta por pacientes com a forma grave e ainda assim o diagnóstico foi realizado após um longo tempo do início da sintomatologia. Nós acreditamos que isso se deva provavelmente à falta de conhecimento a respeito dessa doença. O achado de que o aumento do volume esplênico foi maior do que o do volume hepático é intrigante e merece estudos adicionais. Nossos achados confirmam que a MPS II é uma doença mulissistêmica lentamente progressiva e que um manejo multidisciplinar é necessário. Nós esperamos que nossos dados possam contribuir para o melhor entendimento da história natural dessa doença.Purpose: The purpose of this observational and longitudinal study with Brazilian male patients with mucopolysaccharidosis type II/Hunter syndrome was to contribute to the better understanding of the natural history of this disease and to establish the standards to allow the evaluations of the efficacy of treatment protocols presently in development. Materials and Methods: The 2 evaluations were performed with one year interval. At the baseline visit, 20 patients with MPS II (confirmed by deficiency of iduronate sulfatase), performed: anamnesis, physical exam, brain and abdominal MRI, echocardiogram (ECHO), electrocardiogram (EKG), 6 minute walk test (6MWT), polysomnography, pulmonary function tests, audiometry, developmental and intelligence tests, ophthalmological evaluation, hemogram/routine blood chemistry tests and urinary glycosaminoglican analysis. Eleven of these patients were also evaluated one year later (12 month-visit) when they did: anamnesis, physical exam, abdominal MRI, echocardiogram, 6 minute walk test, pulmonary function tests, audiometry, routine blood chemistry and urinary glycosaminoglycans analysis. Results related to the baseline evaluation: 1. Patients were from Southeast (10/20), Northeast (6/20) and South (4/20) regions of Brazil; 2. Mean IDS activity in plasma was 4.1 nanomoles/4h/mL (ranges: 1.1-10.0); 3. Mean age at evaluation was 9.4 years; 4. The first symptoms most frequently reported were hepatosplenomegaly (5/20) and respiratory infections (5/20); 5. Mean age at the onset of symptoms was 27.4 months; 6. Mean age at the biochemical diagnosis was 70.8 months; 7. Standing height was below 2 standard deviations in 10/17 patients; 8. Head circumference was in percentile 98 or above in 18/20 patients; 9. Ivory-white papules and nodules were observed in 4/20 patients and a mongolic extensive spot in one patient; 10. In 16/19 patients a mitral regurgitation at the echocardiogram was observed; 11. A statistically significant difference was found between the distance walked by patients between the 2 days of 6MWT (p<0.05); 12. On spirometry 5/20 patients showed decreased forced vital capacity; 13. Polysomnography results were abnormal in 13/20 patients; 14. On audiometry 13/20 patients showed some degree of hypoacusy; 15. None of them had corneal opacification and choroid swelling was the most common ocular finding (8/20); 16. In 14 patients showed a cognitive impairment was found; 17. Isointense and hyperintense lesions in the white matter were the most frequent findings on brain MRI (18/19); 18. The abdominal MRI showed hepatomegaly (without splenomegaly) in 3 patients and in other 2 splenomegaly (without hepatomegaly). 19. Laboratory results showed increasing: LDH (12/14), AST (6/20), ALT (6/20), alkaline phosphatase activity (6/20), cholesterol (2/19); glucose (1/20) and GGT (1/20). Other findings: hemoconcentration (3/18) and low platelet count (3/20). Urinary glycosaminoglycans were, on average, 5 times higher than normal values (mean value: 49.8 mg/mmolcreat); 20. It was not found correlation between the activity of IDS and the age of onset of the symptomatology; 21. It was not found correlation between GAGs in urine and the distance walked in the 6MWT, nor between that distance and the severity of aortic lesions and the severity of sleep obstructive apnea. Results (comparison between baseline and 12 month-visits): 1. At the 12 monthvisit the number of patients was reduced to eleven as six of them migrate to a treatment protocol and three did not had clinical conditions to return and perform the evaluations. 2. Patients were from Southeast (4/11), Northeast (3/11) and South (4/11) regions of Brazil; 3. As some older patients dropped-out, the mean age at the second visit was 7.3 years; 4. Three patients declined their percentiles in standing height 5. One patient developed the ivory-white papules in this year and the other 3 already had these at the first visit; 5. Two patients had increased the number of hearth lesions and four had increased the left ventricule. One patient worsened his ejection fraction; 6. It was not found a statistically significant difference between the distance walked in the 6MWT performed by the same patients between the two visits; 7. Spirometry was performed on 3 patients, and one of them had the same result as in the baseline. Two have performed it for the first time on the second visit; 8. Hearing loss was confirmed in 7/11; 9. It was observed a significant increase of spleen volume between the two visits (p<0.05); the hepatic volume did not show significant difference; 10. It was observed a significant increase in the levels of GGT between baseline and the 12-month visit (p<0.005). 12. It was no significant difference in the urinary GAGs between both visits. Discussion: Our sample was predominantly composed of patients with the severe form of this disease and even in these patients the diagnosis was made long time after the onset of the symptomatology. We believe that it is probably due to the lack of awareness of the disease. The finding that the spleen volume was more affected that the liver volume is striking and needs further studies. Our findings confirmed that MPS II is a slowly progressive multisystemic disease and that a multidisciplinary approach to its management is necessary. We hope that our data will contribute to the better understanding of the natural history of this disease

    Avaliação de manifestações clínicas e laboratoriais em heterozigotas para mucopolissacridose tipo II

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    Introdução: A maioria das doenças lisossômicas são herdadas como traços recessivos, mas a mucopolissacaridose tipo II (MPS II) é de herança ligada ao cromossomo X. As doenças ligadas ao cromossomo X possuem um importante impacto para as famílias devido ao risco que as heterozigotas apresentam em ter um filho afetado. A maioria das heterozigotas para as doenças ligadas ao cromossomo X são clinicamente assintomáticas. Em relação à MPS II somente dez mulheres afetadas foram relatadas na literatura. Entretanto, nenhum estudo foi realizado para a avaliação da presença de sinais sutis da doença nessas heterozigotas. Objetivo: o objetivo principal desse estudo foi a identificação de sinais clínicos sutis e bioquímicos relacionados à MPS II nas heterozigotas para essa doença e adicionalmente estabelecer a associação desses achados com o padrão de inativação do cromossomo X. Métodos: esse foi um estudo observacional e transversal. Essas mulheres foram classificadas como heterozigotas e não heterozigotas baseadas na análise molecular do gene da iduronato sulfatase (IDS). Ambos grupos foram comparados com relação às seguintes variáveis: dados clínicos, achados do exame físico, cariótipo, padrão de inativação do cromossomo X (ensaio HUMARA), atividades da IDS em leucócitos e plasma, níveis de glicosaminoglicanos na urina, tomografia computadorizada de abdomen e coluna e ressonância magnetica de crânio. Resultados: Quarenta mulheres pertencentes a 24 famílias foram avaliadas. De acordo com a análise do DNA 22 foram classificadas em heterozigotas e 18 em não heterozigotas. Não foi encontrada nenhuma anormalidade no exame físico (n=40), cariótipo (n=31/40) ou na TC de coluna (n=31/40). A incidência de abortamento também não apresentou diferenças entre essas mulheres. Entretanto, a atividade da IDS em plasma (p<0,001) e em leucócitos (p<0,001) apresentaram níveis inferiores nas heterozigotas. A correção de Bonferroni foi aplicada e não foi encontrada nenhuma diferença entre os grupos dentre as variáveis analisadas. Também em relação ao padrão de inativação do cromossomo X não foi observada diferença esntre as heterozigotas e não heterozigotas. Conclusões: Esse é o primeiro estudo sistemático realizado em heterozigotas para MPS II. Não foi encontrada nenhuma evidência de manifestações clínicas sutis ou sinais radiológicos da doença MPS II nessas mulheres. Nossos achados sugerem que não existe relação entre a ausência dos sinais clínicos nessas mulheres e a ocorrência de um padrão favorável de desvio da inativação do cromossomo X. Esses dados sugerem que a MPS II apresenta uma baixa penetrância nas heterozigotas.Introduction: Most lysosomal diseases are inherited as recessive traits, but muchopolysaccharidosis type II (MPS II) presents X-linked inheritance. The X-linked disorders have an important impact for families because the risk heterozygous present of having an affected child. Most heterozygotes for X-linked disorders are clinically asymptomatic. Regarding MPS II only ten affected females have been reported in the literature. However, none study has been taken in order to evaluate subtle signs of the disease in heterozygotes. Objective: The main objective of this study was to identify subtle clinical and biochemical signs of MPS II in heterozygotes for this disease, and to correlate the findings with the pattern of X chromosome inactivation presented by these women. Methods: This was an observational, transversal and controlled study. The women were classified as heterozygote or non-heterozygote based on molecular analysis of the iduronate sulfatase (IDS) gene. Both groups were compared between regarding clinical data, physical exam findings, karyotype, pattern of X inactivation (HUMARA assay), IDS activity in leukocytes and plasma, glycosaminoglicans levels in urine, computadorized tomography scans of abdomen and spine, and brain magnetic resonance imaging. Results: Forty women from 24 families were evaluated. According to DNA analysis, 22 women were classified as heterozygote and 18 as non-heterozygotes. We did not found any abnormality in physical examination (n=40), karyotype (n=31/40) or spine CT scans (n=31/40). The incidence of miscarriage also did not differ between these females. However, IDS activities in plasma (p<0.001) and in leukocyte (p<0.001) were lower in heterozygotes. Applying the Bonferroni’s correction, we did not find any difference between the groups regarding the variables analyzed. Also the pattern of X chromosome inactivation was not different between heterozygotes and non-heterozygotes. Conclusion: This is the first systematic study performed in heterozygotes for MPS II. We did not find any evidence of subtle clinical manifestations or radiological signs of MPS II disease in these females. Our findings suggest that there is no relation between the absence of clinical signs in these women and the occurrence of a favorable skewing pattern of X chromosome inactivation. This data suggests that MPS II is a disease which shows low penetrance in heterozygotes
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