Umbral auditivo en estudiantes de segundo semestre de la Facultad de Ciencias de la Salud de la Universidad del Cauca, expuestos a ruido por reproductores de audio, 2007-2008.

Hearing is one of the psycho- physiological process that gives to human beings the capacity of hearing, when hearing is affected a deafness is got, which may be caused by different factors. Such as the exposure to noise when we use sound players. Objective: the purpose of this research is to establish the threshold of undergraduates who often use sound players to find out a possible deafness. Material and methods: a descriptive study of transverse cut was carried out with 92 students who were polled. An anamnesis of exposure to noise by sound players, for register of results and tonal audiometry qualification. 70 anamnesis were carried out, 29 cares were selected based on an inclusion and exclusion criterion. A tonal audiometry and the measurement of sound of the personal sound player were carried out to the students who were selected. Results: it was found out that 13.8% of the assessed students presented a little deafness and 86.2% presented a normal hearing. Conclusions: it was found out that even intensity and the time of use of the sound players have influence on the deafness, in exchange music and some kinds of hearphones are not risky factors for deafness caused by the use of sound players.La audición, es un proceso psico-fisiológico que proporciona al ser humano la capacidad de oír; al comprometerse se instaura una pérdida auditiva, la cual se presenta por diferentes factores, entre ellos la exposición a ruido, que puede causarse por el uso de los reproductores de audio. Objetivo: Establecer el umbral auditivo en estudiantes universitarios de los programas de Medicina, Enfermería, Fisioterapia y Fonoaudiología, expuestos a ruido por reproductores de audio, durante el periodo comprendido entre el II semestre del 2007 y el I semestre del 2008. Material y métodos: Se realizó un estudio descriptivo de corte transversa; se utilizaron  formatos de encuesta, consentimiento informado, anamnesis y audiograma, para registro de datos y calificación de audiometría tonal. La población universo fue de 92 estudiantes de los cuales 56 eran usuarios de reproductores de audio, se aplicó anamnesis y se seleccionaron 29 casos con base en los criterios de inclusión y exclusión. Posteriormente, se realizó la audiometría tonal y la medición de la salida del sonido del reproductor de audio personal. Resultados: Se encontró que el 13.8%  de los estudiantes evaluados presentaron leve disminución del umbral auditivo y el 86.2%, presentaron audición normal. Conclusiones: La Intensidad de salida del Sonido y el tiempo transcurrido de uso de los reproductores de audio, influyeron en la presencia de disminución auditiva; por el contrario, las variables de tipos de música y de audífonos no fueron importantes en la población sujeto de estudio

Threshold hearing in students of second semester of the school of Health Sciences of Cauca University exposed a noise audio players, 2007-2008

Hearing is one of the psycho- physiological process that gives to human beings the capacity of hearing, when hearing is affected a deafness is got, which may be caused by different factors. Such as the exposure to noise when we use sound players. Objective: the purpose of this research is to establish the threshold of undergraduates who often use sound players to find out a possible deafness. Material and methods: a descriptive study of transverse cut was carried out with 92 students who were polled. An anamnesis of exposure to noise by sound players, for register of results and tonal audiometry qualification. 70 anamnesis were carried out, 29 cares were selected based on an inclusion and exclusion criterion. A tonal audiometry and the measurement of sound of the personal sound player were carried out to the students who were selected. Results: it was found out that 13.8% of the assessed students presented a little deafness and 86.2% presented a normal hearing. Conclusions: it was found out that even intensity and the time of use of the sound players have influence on the deafness, in exchange music and some kinds of hearphones are not risky factors for deafness caused by the use of sound players

Umbral auditivo en estudiantes de segundo semestre de la Facultad de Ciencias de la Salud de la Universidad del Cauca, expuestos a ruido por reproductores de audio, 2007-2008.

Hearing is one of the psycho- physiological process that gives to human beings the capacity of hearing, when hearing is affected a deafness is got, which may be caused by different factors. Such as the exposure to noise when we use sound players. Objective: the purpose of this research is to establish the threshold of undergraduates who often use sound players to find out a possible deafness. Material and methods: a descriptive study of transverse cut was carried out with 92 students who were polled. An anamnesis of exposure to noise by sound players, for register of results and tonal audiometry qualification. 70 anamnesis were carried out, 29 cares were selected based on an inclusion and exclusion criterion. A tonal audiometry and the measurement of sound of the personal sound player were carried out to the students who were selected. Results: it was found out that 13.8% of the assessed students presented a little deafness and 86.2% presented a normal hearing. Conclusions: it was found out that even intensity and the time of use of the sound players have influence on the deafness, in exchange music and some kinds of hearphones are not risky factors for deafness caused by the use of sound players.La audición, es un proceso psico-fisiológico que proporciona al ser humano la capacidad de oír; al comprometerse se instaura una pérdida auditiva, la cual se presenta por diferentes factores, entre ellos la exposición a ruido, que puede causarse por el uso de los reproductores de audio. Objetivo: Establecer el umbral auditivo en estudiantes universitarios de los programas de Medicina, Enfermería, Fisioterapia y Fonoaudiología, expuestos a ruido por reproductores de audio, durante el periodo comprendido entre el II semestre del 2007 y el I semestre del 2008. Material y métodos: Se realizó un estudio descriptivo de corte transversa; se utilizaron  formatos de encuesta, consentimiento informado, anamnesis y audiograma, para registro de datos y calificación de audiometría tonal. La población universo fue de 92 estudiantes de los cuales 56 eran usuarios de reproductores de audio, se aplicó anamnesis y se seleccionaron 29 casos con base en los criterios de inclusión y exclusión. Posteriormente, se realizó la audiometría tonal y la medición de la salida del sonido del reproductor de audio personal. Resultados: Se encontró que el 13.8%  de los estudiantes evaluados presentaron leve disminución del umbral auditivo y el 86.2%, presentaron audición normal. Conclusiones: La Intensidad de salida del Sonido y el tiempo transcurrido de uso de los reproductores de audio, influyeron en la presencia de disminución auditiva; por el contrario, las variables de tipos de música y de audífonos no fueron importantes en la población sujeto de estudio

International Nosocomial Infection Control Consortiu (INICC) report, data summary of 43 countries for 2007-2012. Device-associated module

We report the results of an International Nosocomial Infection Control Consortium (INICC) surveillance study from January 2007-December 2012 in 503 intensive care units (ICUs) in Latin America, Asia, Africa, and Europe. During the 6-year study using the Centers for Disease Control and Prevention's (CDC) U.S. National Healthcare Safety Network (NHSN) definitions for device-associated health care–associated infection (DA-HAI), we collected prospective data from 605,310 patients hospitalized in the INICC's ICUs for an aggregate of 3,338,396 days. Although device utilization in the INICC's ICUs was similar to that reported from ICUs in the U.S. in the CDC's NHSN, rates of device-associated nosocomial infection were higher in the ICUs of the INICC hospitals: the pooled rate of central line–associated bloodstream infection in the INICC's ICUs, 4.9 per 1,000 central line days, is nearly 5-fold higher than the 0.9 per 1,000 central line days reported from comparable U.S. ICUs. The overall rate of ventilator-associated pneumonia was also higher (16.8 vs 1.1 per 1,000 ventilator days) as was the rate of catheter-associated urinary tract infection (5.5 vs 1.3 per 1,000 catheter days). Frequencies of resistance of Pseudomonas isolates to amikacin (42.8% vs 10%) and imipenem (42.4% vs 26.1%) and Klebsiella pneumoniae isolates to ceftazidime (71.2% vs 28.8%) and imipenem (19.6% vs 12.8%) were also higher in the INICC's ICUs compared with the ICUs of the CDC's NHSN

Global variation in postoperative mortality and complications after cancer surgery: a multicentre, prospective cohort study in 82 countries

© 2021 The Author(s). Published by Elsevier Ltd. This is an Open Access article under the CC BY-NC-ND 4.0 licenseBackground: 80% of individuals with cancer will require a surgical procedure, yet little comparative data exist on early outcomes in low-income and middle-income countries (LMICs). We compared postoperative outcomes in breast, colorectal, and gastric cancer surgery in hospitals worldwide, focusing on the effect of disease stage and complications on postoperative mortality. Methods: This was a multicentre, international prospective cohort study of consecutive adult patients undergoing surgery for primary breast, colorectal, or gastric cancer requiring a skin incision done under general or neuraxial anaesthesia. The primary outcome was death or major complication within 30 days of surgery. Multilevel logistic regression determined relationships within three-level nested models of patients within hospitals and countries. Hospital-level infrastructure effects were explored with three-way mediation analyses. This study was registered with ClinicalTrials.gov, NCT03471494. Findings: Between April 1, 2018, and Jan 31, 2019, we enrolled 15 958 patients from 428 hospitals in 82 countries (high income 9106 patients, 31 countries; upper-middle income 2721 patients, 23 countries; or lower-middle income 4131 patients, 28 countries). Patients in LMICs presented with more advanced disease compared with patients in high-income countries. 30-day mortality was higher for gastric cancer in low-income or lower-middle-income countries (adjusted odds ratio 3·72, 95% CI 1·70–8·16) and for colorectal cancer in low-income or lower-middle-income countries (4·59, 2·39–8·80) and upper-middle-income countries (2·06, 1·11–3·83). No difference in 30-day mortality was seen in breast cancer. The proportion of patients who died after a major complication was greatest in low-income or lower-middle-income countries (6·15, 3·26–11·59) and upper-middle-income countries (3·89, 2·08–7·29). Postoperative death after complications was partly explained by patient factors (60%) and partly by hospital or country (40%). The absence of consistently available postoperative care facilities was associated with seven to 10 more deaths per 100 major complications in LMICs. Cancer stage alone explained little of the early variation in mortality or postoperative complications. Interpretation: Higher levels of mortality after cancer surgery in LMICs was not fully explained by later presentation of disease. The capacity to rescue patients from surgical complications is a tangible opportunity for meaningful intervention. Early death after cancer surgery might be reduced by policies focusing on strengthening perioperative care systems to detect and intervene in common complications. Funding: National Institute for Health Research Global Health Research Unit