Marriage, Migration, and Urban Demographic Structure: a Case From France in the Belle Epoque

Peer Reviewedhttp://deepblue.lib.umich.edu/bitstream/2027.42/67248/2/10.1177_036319908100600109.pd

DISPERSED LASER INDUCED FLUORESCENCE OF METALLIC MOLECULAR IONS. IDENTIFICATION OF NEW LOW-LYING ELECTRONIC STATES OF TiCl+TiCl^{+} AND TiF+TiF^{+}

Author Institution: Laboratoire de Physique des Lasers, Atomes et Mol\'ecules, UMR CNRS 8523, Centre d'Etudes et de Recherches Lasers et Applications, Universit\'e des Sciences et Technologies de LilleThe dispersed laser-induced technique has been applied for the first time to metallic molecular ions. The $TiCl^{+}$ and $TiF^{+}$ ions were produced by a high-voltage discharge in hbelium with traces of $TiCl_{4}$ or $TiF_{4}$, respectively. A c.w. dye-laser and a grating specytrometre were used a record low-resolution spectra of these species in the visible region. This led to the the observation of new low-lying electronic states of these ions: the $C^{3}\Pi (\sim 1535 cm^{-1})$ state of $TiCl^{+}$, the $B^{3} \Delta (\sim 2040 cm ^{-1})$ and $C^{3}\Pi (\sim 2200 cm^{-1})$ states of $TiF^{+}$. The identification of these new states contributes to a better characterization of the first 3000 $cm^{-1}$ of the energy level diagram of these molecules. The experimental position of the $C^{3}\Pi$ state of $TiCl^{+}$ is in good agreement with theoretical predictions given by a Ligend Field Theory $model.^{a}$ We have extended these calculations of the $TiF^{+}$ isovalent ion, taking advantage of the new experimental data. Both experimental and theoretical new results presented here are expected to help future high-resolution investigations on these species. $^{a}$ C. Focsa, M. Bencheikh, and L. G. M. Petterson, J. Phys. B. At. Mol. Opt. Phys. 31, 2857-2869 (1998). $^{1}$ Present address: Department of Chemistry, University of Waterloo, Waterloo, Ontario, Canada N2L 3GT1

THE X2ΠiX ^{2}\Pi_{i}, A2ΔiA ^{2}\Delta_{i} AND B2Σ+B^{2}\Sigma^{+} LOW-LYING STATES OF NiCl: LASER INDUCED AND FOURIER TRANSFORM EXPERIMENTS

Author Institution: Department of Chemistry, Facult\'e des Sciences Ain Chock; Laboratoire de Physique atomique et mol\'eculaire, Atomes et Mol\'ecules; Laboratoire de Physique des Lasers, University of Waterloo; Department of Chemistry, UMR CNRS, 8523 Centre d'Etudes et de Recherches Laser et Applications, Universit\'e de Lille 159655; Laboratoire de Physique des Lasers, Atomes et Mol\'ecules, University of WaterlooThe $X^{2}\Pi_{3/2}$, $A^{2}\Delta_{5/2} (161 cm^{-1})$ and $B^{2}\Sigma^{+} (1,768 cm^{-1})$ low-lying states of NiCl have been recently identified. Transitions linking these states to upper $[21.9]^{2}\Delta_{5/2}$, $[24.5]^{2}\Pi_{3/2}$ and $[24.9]^{2}\Pi_{1/2}$ states have been rotationally analyzed. Laser induced fluorescence experiments allowed the identification of the $X ^{2}\Pi_{1/2} (382 cm^{-1})$ and $A ^{2}\Delta_{3/2} (1,646 cm^{-1})$ spin-orbit components. All the low-lying states of NiCl associated with the nickel 3d atomic orbital are now observed. In addition we identified a new electronic state located at $21,608 cm^{-1}$. This state is linked to all the five spin-orbit components of the X, A and B states. High resolution Fourier transform experiments made possible the analysis of three of these transitions. Laser induced dispersed fluorescence suggest that this state is also linked to a new low-lying state $(1,378 cm^{-1})$ which could be a component of a quartet state of NiCl

Trimethoprim-sulfamethoxazole versus norfloxacin in the prophylaxis of spontaneous bacterial peritonitis in cirrhosis

BACKGROUND: The prognosis of patients with chronic liver disease and spontaneous bacterial peritonitis is poor, being of great importance its prevention. AIM: To compare the effectiveness of trimethoprim-sulfamethoxazole versus norfloxacin for prevention of spontaneous bacterial peritonitis in patients with cirrhosis and ascites. PATIENTS AND METHODS: Fifty seven patients with cirrhosis and ascites were evaluated between March 1999 and March 2001. All of them had a previous episode of spontaneous bacterial peritonitis or had ascitic fluid protein concentration <1 g/dL and/or serum bilirubin > 2.5 mg/dL. The patients were randomly assigned to receive either 800/160 mg/day of trimethoprim-sulfamethoxazole 5 days a week or 400 mg of norfloxacin daily. The mean time of observation was 163 days for the norfloxacin group and 182 days for the trimethoprim-sulfamethoxazole group. In the statistical analysis, differences were considered significant at the level of 0.05. RESULTS: According to the inclusion criteria, 32 patients (56%) were treated with norfloxacin and 25 (44%) with trimethoprim-sulfamethoxazole. Spontaneous bacterial peritonitis occurred in three patients receiving norfloxacin (9.4%) and in four patients receiving trimethoprim-sulfamethoxazole (16.0%). Extraperitoneal infections occurred in 10 patients receiving norfloxacin (31.3%) and in 6 patients receiving trimethoprim-sulfamethoxazole (24.0%). Death occurred in seven patients (21.9%) who received norfloxacin and in five (20.0%) who received trimethoprim-sulfamethoxazole. Side effects occurred only in the trimethoprim-sulfamethoxazole group. CONCLUSION: In spite of the reduced number of patients and time of observation, trimethoprim-sulfamethoxazole and norfloxacin were equally effective in spontaneous bacterial peritonitis prophylaxis, suggesting that trimethoprim-sulfamethoxazole is a valid alternative to norfloxacin

Sputum immunoglobulin E: towards a new world ?

International audienceBackground: The role of immunoglobulin E (IgE) –dependent mechanisms leading to exacerbations and respiratory function worsening in cystic fibrosis patients is well acknowledged but not easy to characterize. We hypothesize that the availability of new tools such as allergen microarrays may contribute to a better understanding of disease-related local lung IgE responses.Method: We developed a three-step protocol to characterize specific IgE (sIgE) from cystic fibrosis patients’ sputum. First, sputum was fluxed and filtered before an overnight freeze-drying step. After re-suspending, we performed an allergen microarray with more than 300 allergenic extracts and components.Results: The protocol was applied to sputum samples from 22 cystic fibrosis patients, including 5 lung transplanted patients. The age was similar between non-transplanted and lung transplanted patients, with a median of 29 (IQR 17–72) and 39 (18–53) years, respectively. Non-transplanted patients had a higher overall IgE response against environmental allergens, especially animal dander allergens (p = 0.0004) and house dust mites (P = 0.03). IgE responses against molds did not differ between groups. No correlation was found between each patient’s IgE response to fungal extracts and components and fungal colonization. However, presence of sputum sIgE against fungal allergens, notably Cladosporium herbarum, was correlated with ongoing exacerbation.Conclusion: We have developed a technically simple protocol allowing non-invasive investigation of an extended analysis of local humoral immunity in cystic fibrosis patients. Exploration of sputum through allergen microarray may guide the identification of culprit agents leading to exacerbations and contribute to better management of cystic fibrosis patients