Controllability and lack of controllability with smooth controls in viscoelasticity via moment methods

In this paper we study controllability of a linear equation with persistent memory when the control belongs to H^k_0(0,T;L^2(\ZOMq)) . In the case the memory is zero, our equation is reduced to the wave equation and a result due to Everdoza and Zuazua informally states that smoother targets can be reached by using smoother controls. In this paper we prove that this result can be partially extended to systems with memory, but that the memory is an obstruction to a complete extensions

Socio-demographic, health-related, and individual correlates of diagnostic self-testing by lay people: Results from a representative survey in Germany.

A broad range of self-tests (testing for e.g. HIV, cancer, hepatitis B/C) have become available and can be conducted by lay consumers without the help of a health professional. The aims of this study were to (a) investigate the prevalence of self-testing, (b) identify the most frequently used self-tests, and (c) explore the associations between socio-demographic, health-related and individual factors with self-testing.A face-to-face plus paper-pencil cross-sectional survey was conducted. The sample consisted of 2.527 respondents who were representative of the German population in terms of the age, sex, and residence. Basic descriptive statistics and univariate logistic regression analyses were performed.8.5% of the participants reported having used one or more self-tests in the past, totalling 363 self-tests, with a mean of 1.7 (min. = 1, max. = 6). The three self-tests most frequently indicated were for detecting diabetes, bowel cancer, and allergies. Self-testers were older (Nagelkerke R2 = .006, p < .01), had a higher BMI (Nagelkerke R2 = .013, p < .001) and displayed more physical and mental fatigue (Nagelkerke R2 = .031, p < .001) than non-testers. Self-testers also reported higher global life satisfaction values (Nagelkerke R2 = .008, p < .01) and a higher educational level (Nagelkerke R2 = .015, p < .01).Self-testing is fairly prevalent in Germany Given the current shortage of physicians in Germany, especially in rural areas, and recent studies on the use of self-medication, the topic of self-testing has a great practical and socio-political relevance. Future studies should investigate further predictors of self-testing (e.g. contextual, situational and individual factors) as well as the emotional consequences of testing as a layperson without the attendance of a health professional

Socio-demographic, health-related, and individual correlates of diagnostic self-testing by lay people: Results from a representative survey in Germany

<div><p>Introduction</p><p>A broad range of self-tests (testing for e.g. HIV, cancer, hepatitis B/C) have become available and can be conducted by lay consumers without the help of a health professional. The aims of this study were to (a) investigate the prevalence of self-testing, (b) identify the most frequently used self-tests, and (c) explore the associations between socio-demographic, health-related and individual factors with self-testing.</p><p>Methods</p><p>A face-to-face plus paper-pencil cross-sectional survey was conducted. The sample consisted of 2.527 respondents who were representative of the German population in terms of the age, sex, and residence. Basic descriptive statistics and univariate logistic regression analyses were performed.</p><p>Results</p><p>8.5% of the participants reported having used one or more self-tests in the past, totalling 363 self-tests, with a mean of 1.7 (min. = 1, max. = 6). The three self-tests most frequently indicated were for detecting diabetes, bowel cancer, and allergies. Self-testers were older (Nagelkerke R² = .006, p < .01), had a higher BMI (Nagelkerke R² = .013, p < .001) and displayed more physical and mental fatigue (Nagelkerke R² = .031, p < .001) than non-testers. Self-testers also reported higher global life satisfaction values (Nagelkerke R² = .008, p < .01) and a higher educational level (Nagelkerke R² = .015, p < .01).</p><p>Conclusions</p><p>Self-testing is fairly prevalent in Germany Given the current shortage of physicians in Germany, especially in rural areas, and recent studies on the use of self-medication, the topic of self-testing has a great practical and socio-political relevance. Future studies should investigate further predictors of self-testing (e.g. contextual, situational and individual factors) as well as the emotional consequences of testing as a layperson without the attendance of a health professional.</p></div

Univariate logistic regression analysis for the criterion “self-testing” and each single predictor^b.

<p>Univariate logistic regression analysis for the criterion “self-testing” and each single predictor^b.</p

Socio-demographic characteristics of the total sample, and according to self-testers versus non-self-testers group.

<p>Socio-demographic characteristics of the total sample, and according to self-testers versus non-self-testers group.</p