114 research outputs found

    The Dynamics of Expectations. A Look on Forecasting as a Sequence

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    The paper claims forecasting is a process during which forecasts are regularly updates and revised. Paying attention to the dynamics of expectations provides the opportunity to study changes in expectations formed by professionals, and thus give insights into how their labor unfolds. Drawing upon data from a purposely-built database of forecasts running from Sep-tember 2006 to September 2017, linear and logistic regression models investigate the infor-mational and organizational grounds of forecasts revisions. It it suggests that similar forecasts form a consistent sequence, so that revisions mostly consist in the adjustments of ‘old’ fore-casts with respect to newly available information. By and large, forecasting means updating former forecasts. Besides, data shows the core activity of forecasting organizations, and in turn their audience, matter to understand the extent to which they revise their forecasts: de-spite what forecasters claim in interviews, public institutions, among which the IMF or the OECD, tend to revise their forecasts on a wider scale than private banks or insurance com-panies. Eventually, scrutinizing how forecasts revisions distribute according to the years dur-ing which they are produced, stress that during major economic crises, such as the Great Recession, forecasters not only revise their former expectations downward but also upward. This hints at a Durkheim-inspired interpretation of economic crises as re-opening the future

    Protection sociale, structures marchandes et temporalitĂ© de l’activitĂ©:Pigistes et comĂ©diens face Ă  l’assurance-chĂŽmage

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    L’étude des populations artistiques met en Ă©vidence le rĂŽle de la protection sociale, et notamment de l’assurance-chĂŽmage, dans le cas des carriĂšres « par projets ». L’analyse conjointe d’une population de comĂ©diens et de pigistes permet de revenir sur ce rĂ©sultat en montrant que les dispositifs de protection sociale ne sont pas nĂ©cessairement structurants pour toutes les carriĂšres « par projets ». La diffĂ©rence dans le rapport qu’entretiennent les individus Ă  l’indemnisation du chĂŽmage, dans les deux univers, met en jeu plusieurs dimensions qui permettent d’éclairer la structure de ces mondes. En particulier, elle souligne l’importance de la prise en compte des structures marchandes de ces univers, qui conditionnent l’organisation temporelle de ces activitĂ©s. Elles peuvent faire du travail plutĂŽt que de l’emploi la catĂ©gorie cognitive pertinente pour l’individu, si bien que, dans des activitĂ©s revĂȘtant une dimension entrepreneuriale, il soit peu amenĂ© Ă  se considĂ©rer comme chĂŽmeurStudies of artistic populations emphasize the role of social security, notably employment insurance, for project-based careers. Analysis of populations of actors and freelance journalists provides an opportunity to question this result, and shows evidence that the social security system does not necessarily shape all project-based careers. In the worlds studied here, individuals' variable relationships to unemployment insurance bring to light several aspects which shed light on the structure of these worlds. It particularly advocates for the importance of taking into account market structures, as they shape the way in which activities are organized in time, with the result that work, rather than employment, emerges as the relevant cognitive category for an individual. Whenever activity comes to resemble entrepreneurship, a person may not be as inclined to define his/her situation as being "unemployed.

    L'intermittence, nouvelle norme du marché du travail ?

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    Si le dĂ©veloppement de l’emploi Ă  durĂ©e dĂ©terminĂ©e ou Ă  temps partiel constitue l’une des Ă©volutions majeures du marchĂ© du travail au cours des derniĂšres dĂ©cennies, faire de l’intermittence une norme sur le marchĂ© du travail pose problĂšme. En effet, c’est oublier que le marchĂ© du travail s’organise, en France, autour du contrat Ă  durĂ©e indĂ©terminĂ©e Ă  temps plein. Les discours appelant de leurs vƓux l’avĂšnement d’un travail libĂ©rĂ© omettent, quant Ă  eux, que les formes particuliĂšres d’emploi se rencontrent principalement sur les pans dominĂ©s du marchĂ© du travail. Cet article dĂ©crit finalement les traits saillants du marchĂ© de l’intermittence du spectacle, rĂ©guliĂšrement pris comme modĂšle des Ă©volutions rĂ©centes.For a couple of decades, the raise of fixed-term or part-time contracts has been one of the main features of the French labor market. Still, pretending “intermittence” (a specific form of contingent labor) is the new norm on this market is questionable. As a matter of fact, open-ended full-time contracts still organize the employment world in France. Advocates of a coming free labor forget that particular forms of employment remain associated with dominated sides of labor markets. This text ends with the description of salient features of the market for performing arts (“intermittence du spectacle”), which is regularly regarded as the pattern for recent labor market changes

    Compte rendu de l'ouvrage 'Les équipes parlementaires des eurodéputés'

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    EnvisagĂ©s sous l’angle du travail ou de la profession, les mĂ©tiers politiques figurent dĂ©sormais parmi les objets de la sociologie, au-delĂ  du seul pĂ©rimĂštre des sciences sociales du politique. L’ouvrage de SĂ©bastien Michon revendique son inscription dans cette lignĂ©e. Il invite Ă  prĂȘter attention Ă  l’espace parlementaire europĂ©en, relativement dĂ©laissĂ© au profit de ses homologues nationaux ou locaux, et Ă  s’intĂ©resser au travail parlementaire en se concentrant non pas sur sa « scĂšne » (incarnĂ©e par l’hĂ©micycle), mais sur ses « coulisses », peuplĂ©es d’assistants qui forment l’objet empirique de l’étude. L’interrogation qui le sous-tend, inspirĂ©e de Pierre Bourdieu, porte sur la nature des capitaux que ces postes permettent d’accumuler. Il apporte un Ă©clairage original sur la nature du travail parlementaire dans cet espace politique particulier qu’est le Parlement EuropĂ©en (PE), et repose sur l’exploitation d’un matĂ©riau abondant aussi bien qualitatif (entretiens et observations ethnographiques, convoquĂ©es dans l’ouvrage avec parcimonie) que quantitatif [Premier paragraphe]

    Faire valoir ses compétences:Les pigistes et le placement de sujet

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    La hausse du nombre des pigistes parmi les journalistes suscite un changement des pratiques sur ce marchĂ© du travail. En effet, le pigiste est souvent en concurrence avec d’autres pigistes pour obtenir des opportunitĂ©s d’emploi avec les diffĂ©rents employeurs. Le placement de sujet dĂ©signe alors l’ensemble des techniques mises en oeuvre par le pigiste afin d’orienter la demande de l’entreprise vers son offre particuliĂšre de travail et lui vendre un sujet. Sa rĂ©ussite requiert aussi bien des compĂ©tences propres Ă  l’ensemble des journalistes que des compĂ©tences plus spĂ©cifiques, souvent acquises par la pratique.Publishers’ labour market practices have changed as the result of the increasing numbers of free-lance journalists. Free-lancers often have to compete with each other for work opportunities with various publishing firms. Selling their wares involves using a whole set of techniques to orient the requirements of publishing firms towards the type of article a journalist has to offer and selling them this article. Some of the competences required for this purpose are common to all journalists, whereas other more individual skills are often acquired by experience

    Des 'employeurs multiples' au 'noyau dur' d'employeurs:Relations de travail et concurrence sur le marché du travail des comédiens

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    La littĂ©rature managĂ©riale se saisit parfois d’un idĂ©al-type du travail intermittent pour dĂ©crire ce qu’elle envisage comme des Ă©volutions Ă  venir des modes d’organisation du travail et de mobilisation de la main d’Ɠuvre. Ces mutations se traduiraient notamment par un raccourcissement des relations d’emploi toujours plus Ă©phĂ©mĂšres et plus nombreuses. Cet article s’appuie sur l’exploitation de donnĂ©es statistiques concernant les comĂ©diens intermittents. Il se propose de montrer que la conception du travail artistique sous-jacente Ă  ce discours ne saurait rendre compte de la pluralitĂ© effective des relations de travail qu’entretiennent les artistes intermittents avec leurs employeurs. On peut en effet distinguer deux rĂ©gimes de relations d’emploi sur le marchĂ© du travail des comĂ©diens. Tandis que le premier demeure proche de l’idĂ©al-type d’un travailleur intermittent nouant des relations ponctuelles avec ses employeurs, le second repose sur la constitution par l’individu d’un « noyau dur » d’employeurs. Ce « noyau » s’avĂšre de surcroĂźt particuliĂšrement important tant pour l’activitĂ© du comĂ©dien, dont il reprĂ©sente une part prĂ©pondĂ©rante, que pour sa carriĂšre, Ă  la stabilitĂ© de laquelle il contribue de façon dĂ©cisive.Managerial literature sometimes uses an ideal-type of contingent labor to describe what it imagines to be future changes in organizing work and labor. These changes would entail a shortening and, therefore, multiplication of labor contracts. Statistics on the intermittents du spectacle (an administrative category in France referring to performers as well as stagehands who work for the duration of a project in show business, television and the performing arts) are analyzed to show that the conception of work in the media industry, as reflected in the aforementioned writings, cannot account for the actual plurality of relations between these part-time employees and their employers. In the media industry labor market, two types of labor relations can be distinguished. The one is close to the ideal-type of an intermittent employee who has occasional relations with his employer, whereas the other is based on a “hard core” of employers with whom an employee has recurrent relations. This core significantly affects the number of engagements of these performing artists and contributes decisively to the stability of their careers

    Des 'employeurs multiples' au 'noyau dur' d'employeurs:Relations de travail et concurrence sur le marché du travail des comédiens

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    La littĂ©rature managĂ©riale se saisit parfois d’un idĂ©al-type du travail intermittent pour dĂ©crire ce qu’elle envisage comme des Ă©volutions Ă  venir des modes d’organisation du travail et de mobilisation de la main d’Ɠuvre. Ces mutations se traduiraient notamment par un raccourcissement des relations d’emploi toujours plus Ă©phĂ©mĂšres et plus nombreuses. Cet article s’appuie sur l’exploitation de donnĂ©es statistiques concernant les comĂ©diens intermittents. Il se propose de montrer que la conception du travail artistique sous-jacente Ă  ce discours ne saurait rendre compte de la pluralitĂ© effective des relations de travail qu’entretiennent les artistes intermittents avec leurs employeurs. On peut en effet distinguer deux rĂ©gimes de relations d’emploi sur le marchĂ© du travail des comĂ©diens. Tandis que le premier demeure proche de l’idĂ©al-type d’un travailleur intermittent nouant des relations ponctuelles avec ses employeurs, le second repose sur la constitution par l’individu d’un « noyau dur » d’employeurs. Ce « noyau » s’avĂšre de surcroĂźt particuliĂšrement important tant pour l’activitĂ© du comĂ©dien, dont il reprĂ©sente une part prĂ©pondĂ©rante, que pour sa carriĂšre, Ă  la stabilitĂ© de laquelle il contribue de façon dĂ©cisive.Managerial literature sometimes uses an ideal-type of contingent labor to describe what it imagines to be future changes in organizing work and labor. These changes would entail a shortening and, therefore, multiplication of labor contracts. Statistics on the intermittents du spectacle (an administrative category in France referring to performers as well as stagehands who work for the duration of a project in show business, television and the performing arts) are analyzed to show that the conception of work in the media industry, as reflected in the aforementioned writings, cannot account for the actual plurality of relations between these part-time employees and their employers. In the media industry labor market, two types of labor relations can be distinguished. The one is close to the ideal-type of an intermittent employee who has occasional relations with his employer, whereas the other is based on a “hard core” of employers with whom an employee has recurrent relations. This core significantly affects the number of engagements of these performing artists and contributes decisively to the stability of their careers

    Producing in Urgent Situations:The Management of Unpredictability in the World of Journalism

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    Journalistic work is confronted structurally with urgent situations. Unlike other sectors using just-in-time methods, here urgency is not only the result of random failures in the production cycle, it also relates to the nature of the commodity itself— current affairs—which must be handled within the context of a collective organization. Based on observations and interviews in the written press, this article examines how urgency impacts journalistic production on a daily basis. It brings to light attempts at serialization within this flow of unique products and the slim possibility of negotiating irreversibility—inherent in industrial processes. The solution to the problems posed by urgent situations principally stems from inventory management, emphasizing the central role of prediction making in situations where the content of the work is itself characterized by uncertainty

    The Dynamics of Expectations:A Sequential Perspective on Macroeconomic Forecasting

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    The chapter claims forecasting is a process during which forecasts are regularly updates and revised. Paying attention to the dynamics of expectations provides the opportunity to study changes in expectations formed by professionals, and thus give insights into how their labor unfolds. Drawing upon data from a purposelybuilt database of forecasts running from September 2006 to September 2017, linear and logistic regression models investigate the informational and organizational grounds of forecasts revisions. It suggests that similar forecasts form a consistent sequence, so that revisions mostly consist in the adjustments of ‘old’ forecasts with respect to newly available information. By and large, forecasting means updating former forecasts. Besides, data shows the core activity of forecasting organizations, and in turn their audience, matter to understand the extent to which they revise their forecasts: despite what forecasters claim in interviews, public institutions, among which the IMF or the OECD, tend to revise their forecasts on a wider scale than private banks or insurance companies. Eventually, scrutinizing how forecasts revisions distribute according to the years during which they are produced, stress that during major economic crises, such as the Great Recession, forecasters not only revise their former expectations downward but also upward. This hints at a Durkheim-inspired interpretation of economic crises as re-opening the future

    Rentrer dans la danse

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    Pourquoi devient-on danseur ? Par vocation essentiellement. Encore faut-il que l’analyse sociologique tienne compte de cette maniĂšre de s’engager dans ce mĂ©tier, ce qu’elle peine Ă  faire habituellement. C’est Ă  ce manque que l’ouvrage de Sorignet permet de remĂ©dier
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