A Review of the Influence of Initial State Shear (K\u3csub\u3eα\u3c/sub\u3e) and Confining Stress (K\u3csub\u3eσ\u3c/sub\u3e) On Failure Mechanisms and Earthquake Liquefaction of Soils

Geotechnical engineering profession has continued to use the in situ measurement based empirical procedure to perform soil liquefaction analysis. This method was initially developed based on past earthquake performance of level ground sites. For sloping ground and larger depths or confining stress, the method requires appropriate corrections such as Kα for initial static shear and Kσ for confining stress. The recommended correction factors in the current state of practice have been presented by NCEER (National Center for Earthquake Engineering and Research). These recommendations, however, do not distinguish between the distinct shear behavior of soils on the opposite sides of the critical state line. These factors can significantly influence the results and alter the final conclusion and outcome of an analysis. This paper reviews the existing soil liquefaction research data focusing on these factors based on the critical state soil mechanics framework. It is shown that the undrained response of soils with stable yielding during both monotonic and cyclic loading can be correlated with the distance of the initial state from the critical state line. Kα and Kσ are shown to correlate well with this distance. Constant cyclic resistance ratio lines are found to lie parallel to lines of constant initial state. Furthermore, Kσ variation is found to be material specific

Prospects of development of marine fisheries resources in Lakshadweep

A good data base has already been developed by CMFRI on various marine resources of Lakshadweep islands and related conservation problems. In the present paper, the potentialities and the areas where future research and developmental activities need to be directed are briefly discussed

Fishable concentrations of fishes and crustaceans in the offshore and deep sea areas of the Indian Exclusive Economic Zone based on observations made onboard FORV Sagar Sampada

Bottom trawling data of FORV Sagar Sampada pertaining to a total of 350 fishing hauls with a duration of 330 effective trawling hours for depths beyond 40 m was utilized in the present study. Abundance of selected fishery resources such as threadfin bream, bull's eye, drift fish, lizard fish, ribbon fish, cat fish, barracudas, mackerel, deep sea prawns and deep sea lobster in the offshore and deep sea waters of the Indian EEZ in space and time is indicated

Tuna fisheries and fishery in the Indian EEZ- An update

The scenario of tuna fishery in the Indian EEZ in recent years show that it is still limited to the small scale fishery sector with little inputs from the industrial sector. The results obtained till date from the surveys carried out by the Government of India vessels (FSl and CIFNET) in the EEZ beyond the traditional fishing grounds, the industrial longline operations of foreign fleets in the Indian EEZ and contiguous high seas, the rapid increasing rate of skipjack and yellowfin tuna production in the traditional sectors of the neighbouring insular states such as Maldives and Sri Lanka and the fast pace of growth, expansion and production in the tuna purse seine fishery of foreign fleets of France, Spain, Panama and Ivory Coast in the tropical Western Indian Ocean area - all these have indicated tuna resource availability and rich tuna fishing grounds in our EEZ and contiguous high seas

A CRITICAL REVIEW ON AVALEHA KALPANA

Avaleha is the most common secondary Kalpana (dosage form) which has been employed in various disorders and this product is gaining popularity due to its easy administration, palatability and longer shelf life. It is a semisolid preparation of herbal drugs prepared in decoction or extracts of different herbs by adding sweetening agents like jaggery, sugar or sugar candy. The component drugs which are used in the preparation of Avaleha are aqueous medium, substrate, Oushada dravyas, lipid medium, additives etc. By analyzing consistency of various Avaleha varies from freely-flowing, paste-like, semisolid and granular, which depends upon the substrate and Oushada churna ratio. Avaleha can be compared to confections because both contains essential ingredients as sugar and water and optional ingredients as edible oils, honey, flours, starches, edible salts etc. Avaleha are intend to provide better drug absorption through the oral cavity along with absorption through villi. The literature related to Avaleha has been surveyed from various Ayurvedic literatures, journals, Ayurvedic Formulary of India etc. and presented briefly here. Here we have discussed the information regarding Avaleha like ingredients, method of preparation, Avaleha paka lakshana, non-conformances related to Avaleha production, comparison between Avaleha and confections and absorption

केंद्रीय खारापानी जलजंतु पालन संस्थान की शोध उपलब्धियां

कृपया पूरा लेख पढे

An instance of total drying up of Pillaimadam lagoon during 1986-'87 in South-East coast of India

Pillaimadam Lagoon is located in Ramanathapuram District, has been playing a role in the economy of the fishermen living in its neighbourhood, any marked change in its ecology and fisheries is bound to influence the fishermen there, in one way or the other. In view of this, an instance of total drying up of the lagoon observed during 1987 is documented and recorded. The ecology of the lagoon is influenced by two principal climatic condition.. When the rains cease, summer prevails and the barmouth closes, thus cutting off freshwater, salinity reaches as high as 73 to 93 %0. Run off water from the land accumulates in the lagoon, the bar gets opened, the lagoon water becomes brackish and salinity values became low (25-33 %0). Due to the existing single bar mouth and under the climatic conditions prevailing, capture fisheries as well as culture projects can be undertaken in the lagoon only from about October till the following March