The morphological and function of the metathoracic flexor tibialis muscle of Eurycantha calcarata

The histochemical end ultrastructural results showed that, the muscle of both the male and female are a mixture of physiological fibre types, with predominantly fast fibres. The muscles are composed of fibres with different staining properties for both the ATPase and NADH-TRase activities. The AMOVA test for all ultrastructural criteria showed that the fibres population within muscles were heterogeneous, some parts being significantly different from others (p <0.001). The T-test for all criteria, with exception of the number of mitochondria in the male, also showed that most muscle parts were significantly different from each other (p-0.05). The ANOVA for all criteria, with exception of filament ratio, showed that the differences between the population of the male and that of the female is highly significant (p-0.009 for SR area and p <0.001 for others). The means of most criteria predict that the muscle of the male contains more fast fibres. The histochemical examination showed that the muscle of the male contained more fibres which stained darkly for ATPase and lightly for NADH-TR. The muscle contraction can be divided into two phases; the initial, twitch, phase was a rapid contraction with duration of 70 to 130 msec. This was followed by a slower contraction (delayed contraction) that was much longer lasting, the muscle may remain in contraction for more than 30 sec, and more variable than initial one. The maximum measured velocity of the muscles were, 17.37 mm.a*^ for the male whilst sustaining a load of 139.2 g and 11.59 ma.s~* for the female at the load of 203.6 g. The maximum initial work done was, 690.0 g.mm by the mala and 384.3 g.mm by the female. The maximum work done during delayed contraction was, 1907.6 g.mm by the male and 739.9 g.mm by the female. The maximum force produced was, 152.4 mN by the male and 30.6 mN by the female. The maximum measured power output was, 41.17 H.Kg*' for the mala and 52.01 N.Kg'^ for the female. Thr maximum measured work output by the muscles were, 3.4 J.Kg'* for the male and 4.33 J.Kg*^ for the female. Tha muscles produce relatively high power and are considered to be relatively fast with comparison to other insect muscles. The muscle of the male is faster and generates greater power output than the female. The muscle of the male produces the highest tension at the femur-tibia joint angle of 1.22 rad. The mechanical properties of the metathoracic leg and the muscle of the male also were examined

Effect of Kelussia odoratissima Mozaffarian (KOM) on hyperlipidemia: a clinical trial study

Background and aim: Flavonoids constitute a large group of polyphenolic compounds and have been shown to reduce risk of various heart diseases. KOM is a plant which contains flavonoids. Therefore, in this study, we aimed to figure out the anti-hyperlipidemic effect of KOM in patients, on lovastatin treatment. Methods: In this clinical trial study, 74 patients referred to internal clinic of Hajar hospital in Shahrekord, Iran, were divided randomly into two groups. Control group was given lovostatin (40 mg/day) and case group was given lovostatin (40 mg/day) and 2gr KOM powder. The levels of serum lipids (including triglyceride, total cholesterol, LDL, HDL) and FBS were determined in both groups at the beginning, 2 weeks and one month after starting day of the experiment. Statistical analysis was performed by ANOVA. Results: A significant reduction was observed in cholesterol, TG, LDL and VLDL levels of patients (P0.05). The HDL level was increased following KOM usage (P<0.05), but it was reduced in control group (P<0.05). LDL/HDL was reduced in both groups (P<0.001). The level of FBS was not significantly changed during the study. Conclusion: Consumption of KOM may have beneficial effect on hyperlipidemic patients by enhancing serum levels of HDL

Effects of Kelussia odoratissima Mozaffarian (KOM) extract on blood lipid in Balb/c mice

چکیده: زمینه و هدف: فلاونوییدها یک گروه از ترکیبات پلی فنولیک با خاصیت آنتی اکسیدانی می باشند و به کاهش خطر بیماری های قلبی عروقی کمک می کند. کرفس کوهی (Kelussia odoratissima Mozoffarian) گیاهی است حاوی فلاونویید که در این تحقیق اثر آن بر کاهش چربی خون در موش سوری مورد بررسی قرار گرفته است. روش بررسی: در این مطالعه تجربی 70 سر موش بالغ سوری نژاد Balb/c به 5 گروه 14 سری تقسیم شدند. به گروه 1 (کنترل) غذای معمولی، گروه 2 غذای معمولی به علاوه روغن زیتون، گروه 3 غذای با درصد کلسترول بالا (کلسترول 5+روغن زیتون)، گروه 4 رژیم پر کلسترول به همراه عصاره هیدروالکلی 10 کرفس کوهی و به گروه 5 رژیم پر کلسترول به همراه عصاره های هیدروالکلی 20 کرفس کوهی به مدت دو هفته داده شد. در پایان دو هفته از موش ها خونگیری و فاکتورهای چربی خون شامل کلسترول، تری گلیسرید، لیپوپروتیین با دانسیته پایین (LDL)، لیپوپروتیین با دانسیته بسیار کم (VLDL)، لیپوپروتیین با دانسیته بالا (HDL) و قند خون ناشتا ( ( FBSاندازه گیری و اطلاعات با کمک آزمون آماری کروسکال والیس مورد تجزیه و تحلیل قرار گرفت. یافته ها: بدنبال دو هفته تغذیه با عصاره گیاه کرفس کوهی سطوح تمام لیپیدهای سرم شامل کلسترول، HDL، VLDL، LDL و تری گلیسرید و قند خون ناشتا در گروه با عصاره هیدروالکلی 10 گیاه کاهش معنی داری داشت (05/0

Effect of Euphorbia helioscopia on acetic acid-induced abdominal constrictions in Balb/c mice

زمینه و هدف: فلاونوئیدها ترکیبات پلی فنولیک با اثر آنتی اکسیدانی هستند که باعث کاهش درد می شوند. شیرمال (Euphorbia helioscopia) گیاهی است حاوی ترکیبات فلاونوئیدی که در این تحقیق اثر آن بر کاهش انقباضات شکمی ناشی از اسید استیک مطالعه شده است. روش بررسی: در این مطالعه مداخله ای، اثر عصاره الکلی شیرمال بر انقباضات شکمی (رایتینگ) ناشی از اسید استیک در مـــوش Balb/c مورد ارزیابی قرار گرفت. در این روش 110 مــوش با محدوده وزنی 5±25 گرم به 11 گروه ده تایی تقسیـم شدند. گروه 1 دریافت کننده آب مقطر و هر کدام از موش های گروه 2 تا 7 به ترتیب 05/0، 1/0، 2/0، 4/0، 2 و 8 میلی گرم از عصاره را دریافت کردند. گروه 8 و 9 به ترتیب 6 و 12 میلی گرم بر کیلو گرم ایبوپروفن و گروه 10 و 11 نالوکسان (1 میلی گرم بر کیلوگرم) یا نالوکسان و عصاره را دریافت کردند. تعداد عکس العمل (رایتینگ) موش ها در گروه های دریافت کننده عصاره شمارش و با نتایج گروه شاهد مقایسه شد. عصاره گیری با استفاده از اتانول 96 به طریقه ماسراسیون انجام و توسط تقطیر در خلاء تغلیظ شد. عصاره غلیظ شده در آب مقطــــر حل و دوز های مختلف عصاره به دست آمد. نتـایج با آزمون های آماری کروسکال والیس و تعقیبی دان تجزیه و تحلیل شدند. یافته ها: عصاره mg/mouse 8 گیاه شیرمال در مقایسه با گروه کنترل به طور معنی داری باعث کاهش میزان انقباضات شکمی در موش شد (05/0

The effect of Amirkabiria odoratissima M extract on gastric acid and pepsin secretion level in rat

چکیده: زمینه و هدف: گیاه کرفس کوهی از دسته گیاهانی است که به طور وسیعی در استانهای جنوب غرب ایران استفاده می شود. شمار زیادی از مردم بر این باورند که این گیاه برای ناراحتی های گوارشی مفید است. این مطالعه با هدف بررسی این گیاه استفاده می شود رو به افزایش است لذا این مطالعه با هدف بررسی اثر عصاره این گیاه بر میزان ترشح اسید و پپسین معده در موش صحرایی انجام شد. روش بررسی: این مطالعه بصورت تجربی بر روی سه گروه 8 تایی موش صحرایی صورت گرفت ]گروه کنترل، کرفس کوهی با دوز mg/kg 2/16 (گروه اول) و mg/kg 100 (گروه دوم). حیوانات پس از بیهوشی توسط تزریق داخل صفاقی mg/kg 50 تیوپنتال سدیم، تراکئوستومی، لاپاراتومی و گاسترودئودنوستومی شدند. عصاره گیاه کرفس کوهی با دوزهای mg/kg 2/16 و mg/kg 100 از طریق مجرای گاسترودئودنوستوم به درون معده حیوانات گروه های کرفس وارد شد. ترشحات معده به روش Wash Out شامل پایه اول و پایه دوم بدست آمد و اسید آن به روش تیتریمتری و پپسین به روش آنسون اندازه گیری شد. داده ها با استفاده از آزمونهای آماری t مستقل، t وابسته وANOVA مورد تجزیه و تحلیل آماری قرار گرفت. یافته ها: عصاره متانولی گیاه کرفس کوهی سبب کاهش معنی داری در میزان ترشح اسید معده در پایه اول و دوم در موشهای هر دو گروه کرفس کوهی نسبت به گروه کنترل گردید (01/0

The Effect of Methamphetamine Injection during Post-Lactation on the Ovaries of Adult Rats

Background and Objectives: Methamphetamine (MAMP) is a central nervous system stimulant, which its consumption has increased among young people. In this study, the effects of methamphetamine were investigated on ovarian tissue structure in immature rats. &nbsp; Methods: In this experimental study, 40 immature female Wistar rats after lactation, were divided into four groups: control group that received normal saline and treatment groups that received methamphetamine at the doses of 1, 3, and 5mg/kg for 10 days intraperitoneally. After puberty, the rats were dissected and their ovary was removed. The histological sections were prepared from the ovary by hematoxylin eosin staining and examined morphologically. In the tissue sections, the number of primary follicles, growing follicles, graafian follicle, corpus luteum, and corpus albicans, were counted and compared by ANOVA between different groups. &nbsp; Results: There was no significant difference between mean weight of mice and ovary after puberty in the treatment groups compared to the control group. The mean number of primary follicles (at all doses) and growing follicles (at doses of 3 and 5mg/kg), were significantly decreased in a dose-dependent manner (p<0.001). Moreover, the mean number of graafian follicles, corpus luteum, and corpus albicans, significantly increased (p<0.001) in the treatment groups of 3 and 5mg/kg compared to the control group. &nbsp; Conclusion: Methamphetamine may interfere with the secretion and activity of gonadotropin-releasing hormone (GnRH) by mimicking the body's naturally amphetamine compounds, and consequently causes disorder in the number and growth of follicles in the ovary the number and growth of follicles in the ovary, which may lead to absence of oocyte maturation and ovulation. &nbsp

Study of Changes in Blood Cells and Spleen Tissue on days 10 and 20 of Pregnancy and the First Week of Lactation in Rats

Introduction: During pregnancy, major changes occur in the mother's body; sometimes these changes are dangerous for both mother and the fetus. By recognizing these changes mother's pregnancy conditions could be managed. In this study, changes in blood cells and spleen tissue were investigated in female Wistar rats on the 10th and 20th days of pregnancy and the first week of lactation.   Materials & Methods: In this study, 54 rats (12 males and 42 females) were selected. After observing vaginal plug in female rats, 18 pregnant and 6 non-pregnant rats were selected randomly and divided into four groups of 6 as follows: the non-pregnant control group, 10th day of pregnancy group, 20th day of pregnancy group, and first week of lactation group. Blood samples were taken from all the groups. Spleen tissues were stained using the hematoxylin-eosin method for histopathological evaluation. The data were analyzed by one-way ANOVA and Duncan’s test. Findings: Platelets on the 10th and 20th days of pregnancy showed a significant reduction compared to the control group (P<0.001). White cells and lymphocytes on the 10th day of pregnancy showed a significant increase compared to the control group (P<0.05). Macrophages on the 10th and 20th days of pregnancy were significantly elevated compared to the control group (P<0.001). The diameter of white pulp on the 10th day of pregnancy showed a significant increase compared to the control group (P<0.05).   Discussion & Conclusions: Pregnancy increases white blood cells and reduces platelets in pregnant rats. It also increases the diameter of white pulp and spleen tissue macrophages. These changes can be caused by alterations in mother's immune system

The effect of red grape juice on Alzheimer′s disease in rats

Background: Alzheimer′s disease is a neurodegenerative disease appearing as a result of free radicals and oxidative stress. Antioxidants agents boost memory and control Alzheimer′s disease. Since red grape juice contains antioxidant agents, its effects on speed of learning and improvement of memory was studied in Alzheimer′s rats. Materials and Methods: Alzheimer′s model was induced by bilateral infusion of streptozocine into lateral ventricles of brain of male rats. Rats drank 10% red grape juice for 21 days. Passive avoidance learning test was used for measuring memory and learning in rats. Results: Our results showed that learning and memory in STZ-group decreased significantly compared to Sham group. However, intake of red grape juice increased speed of learning and improvement of memory in Alzheimer′s rats. Conclusions: Our results suggest that there are active ingredients in red grape juice, which probably have therapeutic and preventive effects on cognitive impairments in Alzheimer′s disease

Effect of Royal Jelly on spatial learning and memory in rat model of streptozotocin-induced sporadic Alzheimer′s disease

Background: It has been recently demonstrated that Royal jelly (RJ) has a beneficial role on neural functions. Alzheimer′s disease (AD) is associated with impairments of learning and memory. Therefore, the present study was designed to examine the effect of RJ on spatial learning and memory in rats after intracerebroventricular injection of streptozotocin (icv-STZ). Materials and Methods: Rats were infused bilaterally with an icv injection of STZ, while sham rats received vehicle only. The rats were feed with RJ-contained food (3% w/w) (lyophilized RJ mixed with powdered regular food) or regular food for 10 days. Then spatial learning and memory was tested in the rats by Morris water maze test. Results: Results showed that in icv-STZ group latency and path length were increased as compared to sham group, also icv-STZ rats less remembered the target quadrant that previously the platform was located; however, these were protected significantly in STZ group that received RJ-containing food. Conclusions: Our findings support the potential neuroprotective role of RJ and its helpful effects in AD

Association between troponin I level and cardiovascular risk factors in asymptomatic hemodialysis patients

Objective: Patients on hemodialysis (HD) have a high risk for cardiovascular morbidity and mortality. Cardiac troponins are biomarkers for diagnosing acute myocardial injury or infarction. There is considerable controversy that exists in the frequency and significance of cardiac troponins in predicting cardiac injury and ischemia in HD patients. Methods: In this cross-sectional study, all HD patients more than 18-year-old, who were at least 3 months under HD, and had no sign and symptom of active cardiovascular disease (CVD), in two HD centers were enrolled. One hundred and one patients fulfilled the inclusion criteria. Blood sample for cardiac troponin I (cTnI) was drown before the initiation of HD session during their routine monthly blood testing from patients′ vascular access arterial line. cTnI levels were measured by a high-sensitivity assay, VIDAS troponin I Ultra kit, and correlated with patients′ demographic, clinical, and laboratory results. Findings: The patients′ different demographic and clinical characteristics had no statistically significant correlation with troponin levels except for marginal trend for past medical history of diabetes and hyperlipidemia with corresponding P values of 0.072 and 0.055. Twenty-six patients had cTnI level more than 0.01 ΅g/L and only two patients had cTnI level more than 0.11 ΅g/L. For laboratory results, only fasting blood sugar had statistically significant correlation with patients′ cTnI level (r = 0.357, P = 0.0001). Conclusion: Frequency of significant elevation of cTnI level in our asymptomatic HD patients was very low and if such elevation is found in this population, it may be considered as a sign of active CVD