69 research outputs found
To what extent is behaviour a problem in English schools?:Exploring the scale and prevalence of deficits in classroom climate
The working atmosphere in the classroom is an important variable in the process of education in schools, with several studies suggesting that classroom climate is an important influence on pupil attainment. There are wide differences in the extent to which classroom climate is considered to be a problem in English schools. Some âofficialâ reports suggest that behaviour in schools is âsatisfactory or betterâ in the vast majority of schools; other sources have pointed to behaviour being a serious and widespread problem. The paper details four studies conducted over the past decade which aimed to explore these disparities. The aim of the research was to gain a more accurate insight into the extent to which deficits in classroom climate limit educational attainment and equality of educational opportunity in English schools. The findings question the suggestion that behaviour is satisfactory or better in 99.7% of English schools and the concluding section suggests ways in which deficits in classroom climate might be addressed. Although the study is limited to classrooms in England, OECD studies suggest that deficits in the working atmosphere in classrooms occur in many countries. The study therefore has potential relevance for education systems in other countries
Supramolecular Architectures Constructed from Piperazine and Substituted Benzoic Acids
Oxidative Demetalation of Cyclohexadienyl Ruthenium(II) Complexes:â A Net Ru-Mediated Dearomatization
Influence of Halogen Bonding Interactions in Crystalline Networks of Tetraarylethylene Halobenzoyl Esters
Solid state halogen bonding interactions have been examined
in
structurally similar tetratopic haloarenes bearing a common tetraphenylethylene
core. This study was designed with the aim of providing insight into
the relative importance of fundamental solid state halogen bonding
interactions (i.e., halogen···halogen, halogen···Ï,
and halogen···carbonyl) in systems devoid of strong
hydrogen bonding groups. The substrates used in this study all featured
four halobenzoate substituents (halogen = Br or I) attached to the
four para positions of tetraphenylethylene with conformationally flexible
ester linkages. A total of nine crystal structures from five different
tetraarylethylene substrates were obtained. While distinct and unique
X···O and XÂ·Â·Â·Ï halogen bonding
interactions were identified in each structure, all structures displayed
nominally similar packing arrangements generally consisting of one-dimensional
ribbons aligned to generate non-interpenetrating two-dimensional sheets.
This feature may be a consequence of extensive edge-to-face areneâarene
interactions found in each structure and may indicate a greater structure-determining
role for aryl-HÂ·Â·Â·Ï interactions relative to
halogen bonding contacts in this system
1,3,5-Triaroylbenzenes as Ligands: Synthesis and Characterization of Three New Coordination Polymers from the Tritopic Ligand 1,3,5-Tris(4,4â,4â â-tricyanobenzoyl)benzene and Ag(I)X (X = OSO 2
Charge-Assisted Halogen Bonding in Bromo- and Iodophenylpyridinium Chlorides
Ten <i>N</i>-halophenylpyridinium
salts (halogen = Br
or I) with chloride (and in one case iodide) counterions have been
prepared and structurally characterized in order to examine the degree
of solid state halogen bonding exhibited in these systems. N-Halophenylpyridinium
salts are easily synthesized from existing pyridines, and the cationic
pyridinium group is expected to increase the halogen bond donor ability
of attached halophenyl moieties. Halide anions functioning as halogen
bond acceptors facilitate formation of charge-assisted halogen bonds.
All five substrates featuring iodophenyl or diiodophenyl substituents
displayed the expected halogen bonding interactions. In several cases
halide ion acceptors were also engaged in complementary hydrogen bonding
interactions with CâH groups of pyridinium rings and OâH
groups of water solvates. Halogen bond donors containing a diiodophenyl
group formed either an extended network or discrete supramolecular
macrocyclic constructs through ArI···Cl<sup>â</sup>···IAr bridging interactions. Significantly fewer
and weaker halogen bonding interactions were observed in crystals
of <i>N</i>-bromophenylpyridinium salts. The attenuation
of halogen bonding in these substrates is attributed to the inability
of the activated bromoarene halogen bond donors to compete with hydrogen
bond donors (CâH/OâH residues) for the halide anion
Divergent Regioâ and Stereoselective Goldâcatalyzed Synthesis of αâFluorosulfones and ÎČâFluorovinylsulfones from Alkynylsulfones
Influence of Halogen Bonding Interactions in Crystalline Networks of Tetraarylethylene Halobenzoyl Esters
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