The Impact of Endurance Training vs. Non-Endurance Training on Blood Lactate Levels Post Seven-on-Seven Maximal Capacity Test (SSMCT)

Competitive swimming involves repeated maximal-effort races, which require the body to have a superior buffering system and rate of recuperation. A buildup of lactate can hinder the body\u27s ability to perform during subsequent races. However, proper training may enhance the body\u27s buffering system and recuperation. This study aimed to discover: (1) the impact of endurance vs. non-endurance training on blood lactate levels post-SSMCT; (2) whether the swimmers\u27 training regimens improved sprint times. Participants in this study included 37 collegiate swimmers. Body composition and resting measurements were collected at the beginning of a practice pre-/mid-/post-season. Blood lactate samples and 100-yard sprint times were recorded at these practices after completing the SSMCT. Data were analyzed using student t-tests. Results indicated that non-endurance training initially reduced blood lactate accumulation, while endurance training continually reduced accumulation throughout the season. Swim times during the SSMCT decreased among both groups of swimmers from pre- to post-season. There were no significant differences between the effect of the two regiments on blood lactate levels post-SSMCT and average performance times. Both regimens increased the body\u27s ability to buffer lactate and perform anaerobically. This suggested that the current training programs are sufficient at reducing blood lactate accumulation and enhancing subsequent performances

Book Review

ANATOMY OF MEDIATION is a case study of a contract dispute between an opera company and a musicians\u27 union. The facilitated negotiations, which take place over ten days, are presented in the form of an annotated transcript which is introduced by a summary of the four primary purposes of the mediator 5 and the twenty-five topics which are used to accomplish these central purposes. The case study is presented and then dissected in detail in order to describe what the authors call the keys to success .6 Finally, mini-case studies are used to portray a complex business dispute, a sexual harassment dispute, a neighborhood dispute, a custody dispute and a family dispute. In the concluding section, mediation is compared to other forms of dispute resolution

Image data processing system requirements study. Volume 2: Appendixes

Supporting information for the ERS loading study contains computer simulation loading output including printout description, and similar output representing data that include night station contacts

Image data processing system requirements study. Volume 1: Analysis

Digital image processing, image recorders, high-density digital data recorders, and data system element processing for use in an Earth Resources Survey image data processing system are studied. Loading to various ERS systems is also estimated by simulation

EOS image data processing system definition study

The Image Processing System (IPS) requirements and configuration are defined for NASA-sponsored advanced technology Earth Observatory System (EOS). The scope included investigation and definition of IPS operational, functional, and product requirements considering overall system constraints and interfaces (sensor, etc.) The scope also included investigation of the technical feasibility and definition of a point design reflecting system requirements. The design phase required a survey of present and projected technology related to general and special-purpose processors, high-density digital tape recorders, and image recorders

Cognitive impairment and decline in cognitively normal older adults with high amyloid-β: A meta-analysis

AbstractIntroductionThis meta-analysis aimed to characterize the nature and magnitude of amyloid (Aβ)-related cognitive impairment and decline in cognitively normal (CN) older individuals.MethodMEDLINE Ovid was searched from 2012 to June 2016 for studies reporting relationships between cerebrospinal fluid or positron emission tomography (PET) Aβ levels and cognitive impairment (cross-sectional) and decline (longitudinal) in CN older adults. Neuropsychological data were classified into domains of episodic memory, executive function, working memory, processing speed, visuospatial function, semantic memory, and global cognition. Type of Aβ measure, how Aβ burden was analyzed, inclusion of control variables, and clinical criteria used to exclude participants, were considered as moderators. Random-effects models were used for analyses with effect sizes expressed as Cohen's d.ResultsA total of 38 studies met inclusion criteria contributing 30 cross-sectional (N = 5005) and 14 longitudinal (N = 2584) samples. Aβ-related cognitive impairment was observed for global cognition (d = 0.32), visuospatial function (d = 0.25), processing speed (d = 0.18), episodic memory, and executive function (both d's = 0.15), with decline observed for global cognition (d = 0.30), semantic memory (d = 0.28), visuospatial function (d = 0.25), and episodic memory (d = 0.24). Aβ-related impairment was moderated by age, amyloid measure, type of analysis, and inclusion of control variables and decline moderated by amyloid measure, type of analysis, inclusion of control variables, and exclusion criteria used.DiscussionCN older adults with high Aβ show a small general cognitive impairment and small to moderate decline in episodic memory, visuospatial function, semantic memory, and global cognition

Direct anterior approach in total hip arthroplasty: a narrative review

Objective: Worldwide, a growing number of Total Hip Arthroplasty (THA) procedures are being performed each year. However, despite this significant global demand, the ideal surgical approach remains controversial. Globally there has been a significant increase in the use of direct anterior approach THA. Therefore, the objective of this paper was to synthesise the vast body of new, evolving information into one non-biased narrative review, to provide an overarching review of various aspects of this approach, including controversial issues such as, benefits, functional outcomes, complications, costs, and surgical technique. Data source: The following keywords were entered into various scientific databases including, Mbase, Google scholar and PubMed. Only articles published in journals between 2017 and 2021 were extracted and included in this review. We found 148 articles published during this period and we used the 82 most relevant articles to collate this narrative review. Data selection/ extraction: Three fellowship trained arthroplasty orthopaedic surgeons, (JRTP, LM and JC) went through all the papers and selected the 82 most relevant papers for inclusion in this review. Conclusion: There has been significant interest and renewed vaguer in publication rates by authors worldwide evaluating the use of the DAA in THA. Most recent studies show that there is increasing evidence that the DAA is a safe, reliable, and reproducible surgical approach to THA. Direct anterior approach provides, in the most part, superior early short term functional outcomes in comparison with other THA approaches. It has however also been shown that a steep learning curve exists when using this approach. While complication rates are similar to those seen in other approaches, the types of complications however remain slightly different with an increase incidence of intraoperative peri-prosthetic femoral fractures, wound complications and femoral stem aseptic loosening being significantly greater in the direct anterior approach

Self and Microbiota-Derived Epitopes Induce CD4⁺ T Cell Anergy and Conversion into CD4⁺Foxp3⁺ Regulatory Cells

The physiological role of T cell anergy induction as a key mechanism supporting self-tolerance remains undefined, and natural antigens that induce anergy are largely unknown. In this report, we used TCR sequencing to show that the recruitment of CD4+CD44+Foxp3−CD73+FR4+ anergic (Tan) cells expands the CD4+Foxp3+ (Tregs) repertoire. Next, we report that blockade in peripherally-induced Tregs (pTregs) formation due to mutation in CNS1 region of Foxp3 or chronic exposure to a selecting self-peptide result in an accumulation of Tan cells. Finally, we show that microbial antigens from Akkermansia muciniphila commensal bacteria can induce anergy and drive conversion of naive CD4+CD44-Foxp3− T (Tn) cells to the Treg lineage. Overall, data presented here suggest that Tan induction helps the Treg repertoire to become optimally balanced to provide tolerance toward ubiquitous and microbiome-derived epitopes, improving host ability to avert systemic autoimmunity and intestinal inflammation