Déterminisme et stochasticité dans l'assemblage des communautés mycorhiziennes

La vaste majorité des plantes terrestres sont impliquées dans des interactions symbiotiques avec des champignons du sol. Ces interactions, appelées mycorhizes, jouent un rôle clé dans l’écologie des plantes en influençant plusieurs facettes de leur croissance ou de leur reproduction (e.g., nutrition, protection contre les pathogènes, activation du système immunitaire). Toutefois, nous connaissons encore très peu de choses sur l’assemblage des communautés mycorhiziennes en milieu naturel : existe-t-il de la spécificité entre certaines espèces de plantes et de champignons, ou ces associations sont-elles le fruit du hasard et des conditions locales seulement? Cette question pose un défi tant sur le plan fondamental, où nous cherchons à comprendre comment les mutualismes persistent évolutivement, que sur la plan appliqué, où nous aimerions connaître comment les écosystèmes naturels s’assemblent pour guider nos pratiques de restauration écologique. Ainsi, mon doctorat a gravité autour de cette question : quels sont les mécanismes responsables de l’assemblage des communautés mycorhiziennes? En d’autres termes, qu’est-ce qui détermine qu’une plante s’associera avec certains champignons, et ne s’associera pas avec d’autres, en milieu naturel. En premier lieu, j’ai approché cette question sur le plan théorique en utilisant la théorie des réseaux comme outil pour détecter les associations préférentielles entre plantes et champignons. J’ai aussi développé, pour prédire ces associations préférentielles, un cadre théorique basé sur les traits fonctionnels des organismes, en adaptant le triangle CSR de J.P. Grime. Finalement, j’ai pu tester mes hypothèses par des observations en milieu naturel et des expériences en milieu contrôlé. L’ensemble de mes travaux ont contribué à mettre en lumière deux éléments clés de l’assemblage des communautés mycorhiziennes. Premièrement, l’assemblage semble se faire de manière hiérarchique, où d’abord des contraintes neutres comme l’abondance et la distribution spatiale déterminent quelles espèces auront l’opportunité d’interagir entre elles et ensuite, une sélection déterministe des partenaires s’opère, où les ii plantes ayant des traits fonctionnels similaires tendent à interagir avec un pool similaire de champignons mycorhiziens. Deuxièmement, bien qu’il semble y avoir de la sélection déterministe de partenaires, tant en milieu naturel qu’en milieu contrôlé, ce choix de partenaires demeure extrêmement flexible et dépend probablement des conditions locales et de phénomènes stochastiques (e.g., conditions du sol, luminosité, effets de priorité par les plantes voisines, etc.). Ces résultats permettent de mieux comprendre la spécificité dans la symbiose mycorhizienne. Ils suggèrent aussi que ces communautés symbiotiques seront fortement résilientes aux perturbations (e.g., extinction locale d’une espèce), car la spécificité dans le choix de partenaires que l’on observe sur le terrain ne semble pas résulter d’évènements de coévolution réciproque et de spécialisation

Increased acetylcholinesterase expression in bumble bees during neonicotinoid-coated corn sowing

While honey bee exposure to systemic insecticides has received much attention, impacts on wild pollinators have not been as widely studied. Neonicotinoids have been shown to increase acetylcholinesterase (AChE) activity in honey bees at sublethal doses. High AChE levels may therefore act as a biomarker of exposure to neonicotinoids. This two-year study focused on establishing whether bumble bees living and foraging in agricultural areas using neonicotinoid crop protection show early biochemical signs of intoxication. Bumble bee colonies (Bombus impatiens) were placed in two different agricultural cropping areas: 1) control (≥3 km from fields planted with neonicotinoid-treated seeds) or 2) exposed (within 500 m of fields planted with neonicotinoid-treated seeds) and maintained for the duration of corn sowing. As determined by Real Time qPCR, AChE mRNA expression was initially significantly higher in bumble bees from exposed sites, then decreased throughout the planting season to reach a similar endpoint to that of bumble bees from control sites. These findings suggest that exposure to neonicotinoid seed coating particles during the planting season can alter bumble bee neuronal activity. To our knowledge, this is the first study to report in situ that bumble bees living in agricultural areas exhibit signs of neonicotinoid intoxication

Estimation of fungal diversity and identification of major abiotic drivers influencing fungal richness and communities in northern temperate and boreal Quebec forests

Fungi play important roles in forest ecosystems and understanding fungal diversity is crucial to address essential questions about species conservation and ecosystems management. Changes in fungal diversity can have severe impacts on ecosystem functionality. Unfortunately, little is known about fungal diversity in northern temperate and boreal forests, and we have yet to understand how abiotic variables shape fungal richness and composition. Our objectives were to make an overview of the fungal richness and the community composition in the region and identify their major abiotic drivers. We sampled 262 stands across the northern temperate and boreal Quebec forest located in the region of Abitibi-Témiscamingue, Mauricie, and Haute-Mauricie. At each site, we characterized fungal composition using Illumina sequencing, as well as several potential abiotic drivers (e.g., humus thickness, soil pH, vegetation cover, etc.). We tested effects of abiotic drivers on species richness using generalized linear models, while difference in fungal composition between stands was analyzed with permutational multivariate analysis of variance and beta-diversity partitioning analyses. Fungi from the order Agaricales, Helotiales, and Russulales were the most frequent and sites from the north of Abitibi-Témiscamingue showed the highest OTUs (Operational Taxonomic Unit) richness. Stand age and moss cover were the best predictors of fungal richness. On the other hand, the strongest drivers of fungal community structure were soil pH, average cumulative precipitation, and stand age, although much of community variance was left unexplained in our models. Overall, our regional metacommunity was characterized by high turnover rate, even when rare OTUs were removed. This may indicate strong environmental filtering by several unmeasured abiotic filters, or stronger than expected dispersal limitations in soil fungal communities. Our results show how difficult it can be to predict fungal community assembly even with high replication and efforts to include several biologically relevant explanatory variables

Boreal forest multifunctionality is promoted by low soil organic matter content and high regional bacterial biodiversity in Northeastern Canada

Boreal forests provide important ecosystem services, most notably being the mitigation of increasing atmospheric CO2 emissions. Microbial biodiversity, particularly the local diversity of fungi, has been shown to promote multiple functions of the boreal forests of Northeastern China. However, this microbial biodiversity-multifunctionality relationship has yet to be explored in Northeastern Canada, where historical environment have shaped a different regional pool of microbial diversity. This study focuses on the relationship between the soil microbiome and ecosystem multifunctionality, as well as the influence of pH and redox potential (Eh) on the regulation of such relationship. Structural equation modelling (SEM) was used to explore the different causal relationships existing in the studied ecosystems. In a managed part of the Canadian boreal forest, 156 forest polygons were sampled to (1) estimate the α- and β-diversity of fungal and bacterial communities and (2) measure 12 ecosystem functions mainly related to soil nutrient storage and cycling. Both bacteria and fungi influenced ecosystem multifunctionality, but on their own respective functions. Bacterial β-diversity was the most important factor increasing primary productivity and soil microbial biomass, while reducing soil emitted atmospheric CO2. Environmental characteristics, particularly low levels of organic matter in soil, were shown to have the strongest positive impact on boreal ecosystem multifunctionality. Overall, our results were consistent with those obtained in Northeastern China; however, some differences need to be further explored especially considering the history of forest management in Northeastern Canada

Phylogenetic structure of specialization: A new approach that integrates partner availability and phylogenetic diversity to quantify biotic specialization in ecological networks

peer reviewedBiotic specialization holds information about the assembly, evolution, and stability of biological communities. Partner availabilities can play an important role in enabling species interactions, where uneven partner availabilities can bias estimates of biotic specialization when using phylogenetic diversity indices. It is therefore important to account for partner availability when characterizing biotic specialization using phylogenies. We developed an index, phylogenetic structure of specialization (PSS), that avoids bias from uneven partner availabilities by uncoupling the null models for interaction frequency and phylogenetic distance. We incorporate the deviation between observed and random interaction frequencies as weights into the calculation of partner phylogenetic α-diversity. To calculate the PSS index, we then compare observed partner phylogenetic α-diversity to a null distribution generated by randomizing phylogenetic distances among the same number of partners. PSS quantifies the phylogenetic structure (i.e., clustered, overdispersed, or random) of the partners of a focal species. We show with simulations that the PSS index is not correlated with network properties, which allows comparisons across multiple systems. We also implemented PSS on empirical networks of host–parasite, avian seed-dispersal, lichenized fungi–cyanobacteria, and hummingbird pollination interactions. Across these systems, a large proportion of taxa interact with phylogenetically random partners according to PSS, sometimes to a larger extent than detected with an existing method that does not account for partner availability. We also found that many taxa interact with phylogenetically clustered partners, while taxa with overdispersed partners were rare. We argue that species with phylogenetically overdispersed partners have often been misinterpreted as generalists when they should be considered specialists. Our results highlight the important role of randomness in shaping interaction networks, even in highly intimate symbioses, and provide a much-needed quantitative framework to assess the role that evolutionary history and symbiotic specialization play in shaping patterns of biodiversity. PSS is available as an R package at https://github.com/cjpardodelahoz/pss