The Triangular Relationship between the Commission, NRAs and National Courts Revisited

In this article, the authors review the relationship between the Commission, the national regulatory authorities (NRAs) and national courts in light of the Commission's proposals for reform as laid out in the 2006 Review. They focus upon the Article 7 and Article 4 procedures of Directive 2002/21. They conclude that the Commission proposals leave key questions and their implications outside of discussion and fail to address core issues such as the standard of assessment under Article 7, the accountability for decisions taken upstream of the NRA, and the scope and depth of judicial review.Institutional framework; Article 7 procedure; accountability and judicial review

European Communications at the Crossroads. Report of the CEPS Working Party on electronic communications. CEPS Task Force Reports No. 39, 1 October 2001

Community institutions are now busy with the second readings of the proposals for a new regime for regulating the European Communications Industry. While many aspects of the proposed new regulatory arrangements are widely accepted, a number of key choices still have to be made. The regulation of European communications is therefore at a crossroads. This CEPS Working Party Report considers the key choices that lie ahead, with the aim of providing the institutions with some fresh input from well placed observers

Winter Offshore/Onshore Wind Differences in Southeastern Hudson Bay, Canada

Acquisition of two 38-day wind data sets collected over a fast-ice shelf and at a nearby coastal weather station (Kuujjuarapik) in Hudson Bay allowed the calculation for the first time of an offshore/onshore wind speed ratio for an ice-covered environment. Mean wind over the ice was 29% higher than at the coast, compared to values of 65% for open ocean locations. This reflects the effect of the higher drag coefficient of the sea ice that more strongly attenuates the wind than does the sea surface. The data set also allowed the evaluation of the change in the wind field by local topography. Thus, a strong orographic effect was found in the SW quadrant, as winds of less than 5 m/s were deflected toward the SE and NW.