543 research outputs found

    On the Verification of a WiMax Design Using Symbolic Simulation

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    In top-down multi-level design methodologies, design descriptions at higher levels of abstraction are incrementally refined to the final realizations. Simulation based techniques have traditionally been used to verify that such model refinements do not change the design functionality. Unfortunately, with computer simulations it is not possible to completely check that a design transformation is correct in a reasonable amount of time, as the number of test patterns required to do so increase exponentially with the number of system state variables. In this paper, we propose a methodology for the verification of conformance of models generated at higher levels of abstraction in the design process to the design specifications. We model the system behavior using sequence of recurrence equations. We then use symbolic simulation together with equivalence checking and property checking techniques for design verification. Using our proposed method, we have verified the equivalence of three WiMax system models at different levels of design abstraction, and the correctness of various system properties on those models. Our symbolic modeling and verification experiments show that the proposed verification methodology provides performance advantage over its numerical counterpart.Comment: In Proceedings SCSS 2012, arXiv:1307.802

    Igneous Rock Associations 14. The Volcanic Setting of VMS and SMS Deposits: A Review

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    Volcanogenic massive sulphide (VMS) deposits and seafloor massive sulphide (SMS) deposits have a spatial and genetic connection with contemporaneous volcanism. The control exerted by the volcanic succession (e.g. rock type, architecture and facies) on the nature and style of the ore and alteration (e.g. subsea-floor replacement vs. exhalative, or discordant vs. conformable) is significant, making it imperative to understand the local volcanology in developing better genetic and exploration models. Three VMS deposit groupings collectively represent a high proportion of cases: (1) deposits associated with complexes of submarine felsic domes, cryptodomes, lobe-hyaloclastite flows and/or blocky lavas, and their reworked equivalents; (2) deposits associated with thick piles of pumiceous felsic pyroclastic rocks, suggesting a caldera context; and (3) deposits associated with mafic volcanic footwalls and/or with sedimentary hosts, including significant deposits such as Windy Craggy (~300 Mt) in British Columbia. With regard to number (2) above, demonstrating the presence of a caldera in ancient successions can be difficult because silicic calderas tend to be large and exceed the limits of deposit-scale investigations. Furthermore, there is no consensus regarding what a large submarine caldera should look like, i.e., no accepted facies model exists showing the distribution of rock types. But without thick piles of pumiceous felsic pyroclastic deposits, arguing for a large submarine caldera is a challenge.SOMMAIRELes gisements de sulfures massifs volcanogĂšnes (SMV) et leurs Ă©quivalents actuels au fonds des mers ont une connexion spatiale et gĂ©nĂ©tique avec le volcanisme. La succession volcanique – composition, architecture, faciĂšs – exerce un contrĂŽle important sur la nature et le style de minĂ©ralisation et d’altĂ©ration hydrothermale (p. ex. minĂ©ralisation mise en place par remplacement sous le fond marin vs. exhalative; altĂ©ration discordante ou plus concordante). Il est donc impĂ©ratif de connaĂźtre la volcanologie des roches encaissantes pour dĂ©velopper de meilleurs modĂšles gĂ©nĂ©tiques et d’exploration. Trois groupes de gisements couvrant collectivement une grande proportion des cas sont discutĂ©s ici. PremiĂšrement, plusieurs gisements sont associĂ©s Ă  des complexes de dĂŽmes felsiques sous-marins, des cryptodĂŽmes, des coulĂ©es de type lobes-hyaloclastite et/ou des laves en blocs, ou leur Ă©quivalents resĂ©dimentĂ©s. DeuxiĂšmement, certains gisements sont associĂ©s Ă  d’épaisses sĂ©quences de roches pyroclastiques felsiques ponceuses, suggĂ©rant un contexte de caldeira. TroisiĂšmement, plusieurs gisements sont associĂ©s avec des roches volcaniques mafiques et/ou avec des roches sĂ©dimentaires, par exemple l’important dĂ©pĂŽt de Windy Craggy (~300 Mt) en Colombie-Britannique. Concernant les contextes de type 2, la dĂ©monstration d’une caldeira peut ĂȘtre difficile dans les successions anciennes, car les caldeiras felsiques sont de grandes dimensions, excĂ©dant les limites des Ă©tudes Ă  l’échelle du gĂźte. De plus, il n’existe pas de consensus sur un modĂšle de faciĂšs pour une grande caldeira sous-marine. Mais sans la prĂ©sence d’épais empilements de roches pyroclastiques felsiques ponceuses, il est difficile d’argumenter en faveur d’une caldeira sous-marine

    Cervicovestibular rehabilitation in adult with mild traumatic brain injury: a randomised controlled trial protocol

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    Mild traumatic brain injury (mTBI) is an acknowledged public health problem. Up to 25% of adult with mTBI present persistent symptoms. Headache, dizziness, nausea and neck pain are the most commonly reported symptoms and are frequently associated with cervical spine and vestibular impairments. The most recent international consensus statement (2017 Berlin consensus) recommends the addition of an individualized rehabilitation approach for mTBI with persistent symptoms. The addition of an individualized rehabilitation approach including the evaluation and treatment of cervical and vestibular impairments leading to symptoms such as neck pain, headache and dizziness is, however, recommended based only on limited scientific evidence. The benefit of such intervention should therefore be further investigated

    The Peculiar Characteristics of Fish Type I Interferons

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    Acknowledgments This work was supported by INRA, by Institut Pasteur, and by the “Projet TEFOR—Investissement d’avenir”—ANR-II-INBS-0014.Peer reviewedPublisher PD

    Les effets de différentes approches en réadaptation à la suite d'un traumatisme craniocérébral léger

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    Le traumatisme craniocĂ©rĂ©bral lĂ©ger (TCCL) est un problĂšme de santĂ© publique reconnu. Les consensus d'experts les plus rĂ©cents ainsi que les plus rĂ©cents guides de pratique clinique recommandent des interventions physiques pour les symptĂŽmes persistants Ă  la suite d'un TCCL. Une approche en rĂ©adaptation individualisĂ©e comprenant des exercices en aĂ©robie sous le seuil des symptĂŽmes et des interventions en physiothĂ©rapie ciblant la colonne cervicale et le systĂšme vestibulaire sont recommandĂ©es. Cependant, les donnĂ©es probantes appuyant l'utilisation de ces interventions sont limitĂ©es. Le principal objectif de ce projet de doctorat Ă©tait de comparer les effets d'un programme de rĂ©adaptation cervico-vestibulaire combinĂ© Ă  un programme d'exercices en aĂ©robie sous le seuil des symptĂŽmes (EASS) Ă  un programme d'EASS seul chez les adultes prĂ©sentant des symptĂŽmes persistants Ă  la suite d'un TCCL sur l'intensitĂ© des symptĂŽmes et sur d'autres indicateurs cliniques. Avant de rĂ©aliser le projet de recherche principal, deux autres projets de recherche ont Ă©tĂ© entrepris. Le premier de ces deux projets Ă©tait une revue systĂ©matique et une mĂ©ta-analyse portant sur l'efficacitĂ© des programmes d'EASS sur les TCCL. Nos rĂ©sultats ont dĂ©montrĂ© que de tels programmes d'exercices sont bĂ©nĂ©fiques pour amĂ©liorer les symptĂŽmes Ă  la suite d'un TCCL. Ce type de programme d'exercices a Ă©tĂ© utilisĂ© dans le projet principal comme mĂ©thode d'intervention chez tous les participants sachant que son efficacitĂ© Ă©tait reconnue chez une population ayant subi un TCCL. De plus, puisque la sensibilitĂ© au changement des questionnaires utilisĂ©s pour le projet principal n'avait pas Ă©tĂ© Ă©valuĂ©e dans le passĂ© sur une population TCCL, nous avons entrepris un 2e projet parallĂšle pour la dĂ©terminer. Une Ă©tude de cohorte prospective a permis de dĂ©terminer que tous les questionnaires, y compris la mesure primaire du projet principal, le Post-Concussion Symptoms Scale (PCSS), Ă©taient trĂšs sensibles aux changements. Ainsi, nous proposons aux cliniciens et chercheurs de les utiliser pour Ă©valuer l'Ă©volution dans le temps de cette population. Cette trouvaille a donc confirmĂ© notre choix de questionnaires pour le projet principal. Le projet principal de ce doctorat Ă©tait un essai contrĂŽlĂ© randomisĂ© avec groupes parallĂšles Ă  simple insu. Soixante adultes prĂ©sentant des symptĂŽmes persistants Ă  la suite d'un TCCL ont Ă©tĂ© assignĂ©s alĂ©atoirement Ă  : 1) un programme d'EASS d'une durĂ©e de 6 semaines ou 2) un programme de rĂ©adaptation cervico-vestibulaire d'une durĂ©e de 6 semaines combinĂ© Ă  un programme d'EASS. Tous les participants ont participĂ© Ă  quatre sĂ©ances d'Ă©valuation (Ă©valuation initiale, 6, 12 et 26 semaines) rĂ©alisĂ©es par un Ă©valuateur Ă  l'aveugle. La variable dĂ©pendante primaire Ă©tait le PCSS. Les variables secondaires Ă©taient le Numerical Pain Rating Scale (NPRS), Neck Disability Index (NDI), Headache Disability Inventory (HDI), Dizziness Handicap Inventory (DHI), le temps pour un retour Ă  la fonction et des mesures physiques cervicales et vestibulaires. À la suite de la collecte de donnĂ©es, une analyse non paramĂ©trique pour donnĂ©es longitudinales (NparLD) a Ă©tĂ© utilisĂ©e pour Ă©valuer l'effet des interventions sur la variable primaire et les variables secondaires. Pour le PCSS, NPRS, NDI, HDI, DHI et le retour Ă  la fonction, il n'y a eu aucune interaction groupe-par-temps (p>0,05). Un effet temps statistiquement et cliniquement significatif a toutefois Ă©tĂ© observĂ© Ă  tous les temps de mesure par rapport Ă  l'Ă©valuation initiale (p0.05); statistically and clinically significant time effects were, however, observed (p<0.05). There were group-by-time interactions for vestibulo-ocular reflex (p<0.003) and the cranio-vertebral mobility (p< 0.001) measures in favour of the cervicovestibular rehabilitation group. The study indicates that a cervicovestibular rehabilitation program combined with SLAE was not superior to a SLAE program alone in terms of symptoms and functional improvement but resulted in improved physical cervical and vestibular function. We therefore recommend that clinicians use SLAE program in patients following mTBI and apply cervical and vestibular physiotherapy when impairments in the cervical spine and/or vestibular system are found since these impairments seem to persist over time if they are not treated. Future studies are needed to determine the effect of the persistence of cervical and vestibular impairments on long-term recurrence, disability, quality of life, and symptoms worsening

    Quelques gammes sur les notes marginales

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    Composition of Syrtis Major volcanic plateau

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    Syrtis Major, a low-relief volcanic shield centered near 295 degrees 10 degrees N, is an old, well-preserved and exposed volcanic region on Mars which formed at the end of the heavy bombardment period. The composition of these volcanic materials has importance for understanding the thermal and chemical history of Mars. Imaging spectrometer data of the Syrtis Major volcanic plateau are used in this analysis to identify major compositional components. First and second order even channel reflectance spectra between 0.77 and 2.55 microns from four broad classes of materials on Syrtis Major are given. For the volcanic materials, there are three primary classes characterized by albedo, slope, and shape of the 10 micron band. To emphasize the latter, straight line continua were removed from each spectral segment and replotted in another figure. Each spectrum shows a band minima near 0.96 microns and 2.15 microns indicative of pyroxene mineral absorptions. Comparison of these band minima with studies of pyroxene reflectance spectra suggests that the pyroxenes in the volcanics of Syrtis Major are high calcium pyroxene with a Ca/(Mg+Fe+Ca) ratio of 0.2 to 0.3. The most likely pyroxene is an augite

    CRITIQUES DU BUDGET : UNE APPROCHE CONTINGENTE

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    Ces derniĂšres annĂ©es, la procĂ©dure budgĂ©taire a fait l'objet de nombreuses critiques qui auraient mĂȘme conduit un certain nombre d'entreprises Ă  aller " audelĂ  du budget " et Ă  gĂ©rer sans budget. Pourtant, plusieurs Ă©tudes rĂ©centes montrent que le budget est loin d'ĂȘtre mort dans la plupart des grandes entreprises. Ces constatations contradictoires militent pour une meilleure comprĂ©hension des critiques adressĂ©es au budget et pour une analyse approfondie des conditions dans lesquelles elles sont formulĂ©es. De nombreux travaux ont montrĂ© l'effet des variables de contingence sur les systĂšmes et outils de contrĂŽle. Il est donc raisonnable de penser que, en fonction de situations contingentes diffĂ©rentes, des critiques elles-mĂȘmes diffĂ©rentes puissent ĂȘtre exprimĂ©es. A partir d'une enquĂȘte par questionnaire, cette communication analyse, dans un premier temps, dans quelle mesure les entreprises cautionnent les critiques gĂ©nĂ©ralement adressĂ©es au budget et observe qu'il existe quatre types de critiques. Dans un second temps, les rĂ©sultats montrent que le niveau d'incertitude influence fortement l'attitude globalement critique vis-Ă -vis du processus budgĂ©taire. Les variables de taille, de cotation en bourse et de stratĂ©gie expliquent certaines critiques spĂ©cifiques.budget; enquĂȘte; thĂ©orie de la contingence; taille; stratĂ©gie; incertitude

    Disk-resolved spectral reflectance properties of Phobos from 0.3-3.2 micron: Preliminary integrated results from Phobos 2

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    The Phobos 2 mission provided multispectral observations of Phobos over a large wavelength range and with relatively high spectral resolution. Here, researchers integrate results from three multispectral detectors by determining the ultraviolet-visible near infrared spectral properties of color and brightness features recognized in VSK TV images. Researchers present evidence that there are two fundamental spectral units within the region of overlapping coverage by the detectors. They describe the units' spectral and reflectance properties and discuss the implications of these results for the composition of Phobos

    Cervical Spine Involvement in Mild Traumatic Brain Injury: A Review

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    Background. There is a lack of scientific evidence in the literature on the involvement of the cervical spine in mTBI however, its involvement is clinically accepted. Objective. This paper reviews evidence for the involvement of the cervical spine in mTBI symptoms, the mechanisms of injury, and the efficacy of therapy for cervical spine with concussion-related symptoms. Methods. A keyword search was conducted on PubMed, ICL, SportDiscus, PEDro, CINAHL, and Cochrane Library databases for articles published since 1990. The reference lists of articles meeting the criteria (original data articles, literature reviews, and clinical guidelines) were also searched in the same databases. Results. 4,854 records were screened and 43 articles were retained. Those articles were used to describe different subjects such as mTBI’s signs and symptoms, mechanisms of injury, and treatments of the cervical spine. Conclusions. The hypothesis of cervical spine involvement in post-mTBI symptoms and in PCS (postconcussion syndrome) is supported by increasing evidence and is widely accepted clinically. For the management and treatment of mTBIs, few articles were available in the literature, and relevant studies showed interesting results about manual therapy and exercises as efficient tools for health care practitioners
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