TIROS-N Cosmic Ray study

An experimental and analytical study was performed on the impact of galactic cosmic rays on the TIROS-N satellite memory in orbit. Comparisons were made of systems equipped with the Harris HMI-6508 1 x 1024 CMOS/bulk RAM and the RCA CDP-1821 1 x 1024 bit CMOS/SOS RAM. Based upon the experimental results, estimated bit error rates were determined. These were at least 8.0 bit errors/day for a 300 kilobit memory with the HMI-6508 and .014 bit errors/day with the CDF-1821. It was also estimated that the HMI-6508 latchup rate in orbit is at least two orders of magnitude less than the bit error rates; the CDP-1821 will not latchup

L’importance des modes de régulations dans l’inscription des activités sportives dans le ‘’développement durable’’. Les cas du cyclotourisme et du tourisme équestre en Pays de la Loire et du surf en Aquitaine

International audienc

The equine business: the spectacularly growth of a new segment market in France

A social revolution in riding has created incredible growth in the equine-product market. This new equine economy is, in fact, characterized by the range of activities available (32 riding styles are listed by the FFE), by riders’ needs (equipment for both riders and their horses including fences, water troughs, horse-boxes etc.), by product ranges (from entry-level to luxury goods), but also by fashion which, thanks to the profile of today’s horse-riders (predominantly female and young) has become a key part of the market. This enthusiasm has led to the development of businesses, the majority of which have appeared in the last thirty years in France (Antarès, CWD, GPA, Cheval Shop, EquipHorse, Fautras etc.). While they have become key references in the sector, and account for nearly half of all jobs related to the equine sector in France (38,900 agricultural jobs compared to 32,800 non-agricultural jobs including business, veterinary care, farriers and public bodies - IFCE 2011), their characteristics remain largely unexplored

Broad gene expression throughout the mouse and marmoset brain after intravenous delivery of engineered AAV capsids

Genetic intervention is increasingly explored as a therapeutic option for debilitating disorders of the central nervous system. The safety and efficacy of gene therapies relies upon expressing a transgene in affected cells while minimizing off-target expression. To achieve organ/cell-type specific targeting after intravenous delivery of viral vectors, we employed a Cre-transgenic-based screening platform for fast and efficient capsid selection, paired with sequential engineering of multiple surface-exposed loops. We identified capsid variants that are enriched in the brain and detargeted from the liver in mice. The improved enrichment in the brain extends to non-human primates, enabling robust, non-invasive gene delivery to the marmoset brain following IV administration. Importantly, the capsids identified display non-overlapping cell-type tropisms within the brain, with one exhibiting high specificity to neurons. The ability to cross the blood–brain barrier with cell-type specificity in rodents and non-human primates enables new avenues for basic research and potential therapeutic interventions unattainable with naturally occurring serotypes

Broad gene expression throughout the mouse and marmoset brain after intravenous delivery of engineered AAV capsids

Genetic intervention is increasingly explored as a therapeutic option for debilitating disorders of the central nervous system. The safety and efficacy of gene therapies relies upon expressing a transgene in affected cells while minimizing off-target expression. To achieve organ/cell-type specific targeting after intravenous delivery of viral vectors, we employed a Cre-transgenic-based screening platform for fast and efficient capsid selection, paired with sequential engineering of multiple surface-exposed loops. We identified capsid variants that are enriched in the brain and detargeted from the liver in mice. The improved enrichment in the brain extends to non-human primates, enabling robust, non-invasive gene delivery to the marmoset brain following IV administration. Importantly, the capsids identified display non-overlapping cell-type tropisms within the brain, with one exhibiting high specificity to neurons. The ability to cross the blood–brain barrier with cell-type specificity in rodents and non-human primates enables new avenues for basic research and potential therapeutic interventions unattainable with naturally occurring serotypes

The Asparagine Hydroxylase FIH: A Unique Oxygen Sensor

Significance: Limited oxygen availability (hypoxia) commonly occurs in a range of physiological and pathophysiological conditions, including embryonic development, physical exercise, inflammation, and ischemia. It is thus vital for cells and tissues to monitor their local oxygen availability to be able to adjust in case the oxygen supply is decreased. The cellular oxygen sensor factor inhibiting hypoxia-inducible factor (FIH) is the only known asparagine hydroxylase with hypoxia sensitivity. FIH uniquely combines oxygen and peroxide sensitivity, serving as an oxygen and oxidant sensor. Recent Advances: FIH was first discovered in the hypoxia-inducible factor (HIF) pathway as a modulator of HIF transactivation activity. Several other FIH substrates have now been identified outside the HIF pathway. Moreover, FIH enzymatic activity is highly promiscuous and not limited to asparagine hydroxylation. This includes the FIH-mediated catalysis of an oxygen-dependent stable (likely covalent) bond formation between FIH and selected substrate proteins (called oxomers [oxygen-dependent stable protein oligomers]). Critical Issues: The (patho-)physiological function of FIH is only beginning to be understood and appears to be complex. Selective pharmacologic inhibition of FIH over other oxygen sensors is possible, opening new avenues for therapeutic targeting of hypoxia-associated diseases, increasing the interest in its (patho-)physiological relevance. Future Directions: The contribution of FIH enzymatic activity to disease development and progression should be analyzed in more detail, including the assessment of underlying molecular mechanisms and relevant FIH substrate proteins. Also, the molecular mechanism(s) involved in the physiological functions of FIH remain(s) to be determined. Furthermore, the therapeutic potential of recently developed FIH-selective pharmacologic inhibitors will need detailed assessment. Antioxid. Redox Signal. 37, 913–935

Le commerce lié à l’équitation révolutionné ? Un secteur bouleversé, entre traditions et innovations (l’exemple français)

La révolution sociétale de l’équitation permet un formidable essor du commerce des produits équins, éperonné par la pluralité des pratiques et des besoins (équipements du cavalier et du cheval, allant jusqu’aux clôtures, abreuvoir, vans, etc.) en partie orchestrés par la mode qui a largement investi le marché. La pluralité de l’offre est aussi accentuée par la diversification des catégories socio-professionnelles des cavaliers, favorisant un élargissement de l’éventail des produits, depuis les entrées de gammes jusqu’au luxe. Cet engouement a donc permis un développement des entreprises spécialisées, dont la majorité est apparue depuis moins de trente ans en France. Le secteur du commerce et des services équins est, aujourd’hui, devenu incontournable, en représentant près de la moitié des emplois de la filière équine en France. Ce chapitre a donc pour dessein de le découvrir davantage en s’interrogeant sur les mécanismes d’adaptation et les stratégies mises en œuvre par les entrepreneurs afin de répondre à l’évolution des besoins. Nous essayerons d’envisager comment elles parviennent à satisfaire l’essor et la diversification sans précédent de la demande, devenue certes beaucoup plus importante, mais aussi en partie volatile. Nous tenterons de proposer une analyse de la façon dont les entreprises s’inscrivent dans un marché désormais marqué par la mondialisation et la concurrence exacerbée. La question est de savoir si finalement ces dernières empruntent dans leurs objectifs et fonctionnements aux logiques entrepreneuriales issues des autres secteurs (ceci sans doute par isomorphisme organisationnel) ou si elles parviennent à définir, maintenir et/ou développer une culture d’entreprise propre à leur filière, par syncrétisme

Bali de la marge à la centralité touristique ?

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Représentations et symbolismes du cheval. La révolution contemporaine interprétée à travers les arts populaires et enfantins

L’entrée de l’équitation dans la société des loisirs en Occident bouleverse les représentations et symbolismes du cheval, simultanément au double phénomène de féminisation et rajeunissement des pratiquants. L’objet de cet article est d’analyser cette transformation historique pour en comprendre les schèmes, en s’interrogeant sur l’influence des arts populaires et enfantins –littéraires, cinématographique et télévisuelles-, dans cette redéfinition affective et hédoniste du cheval. Leur analyse approfondie nous permettra d’avancer une typologie des imaginaires contemporains de la relation symbolique au cheval.