The Olimpiada Popular: Barcelona 1936, Sport and Politics in an Age of War, Dictatorship and Revolution

In an attempt to undermine the IOC Games of 1936, organisations linked to the international worker sport movement responded to an invitation from the Comité Organizador de la Olimpiada Popular (COOP) to take part in an alternative Olympics, the Olimpiada Popular, in Barcelona in July 1936. It is estimated that some 10,000 athletes and 25,000 visitors were in Barcelona to celebrate the Olimpiada. Following the Fascist rising, which began in Spanish Morocco on 17 July, and reached mainland Spain the following day, the games had to be abandoned, despite attempts by the organisers to go ahead with a truncated programme. This article will assess the importance of the Olimpiada Popular in the context of the worker sport movement during the inter-war years and its significance with regard to the international campaign to boycott the Berlin Olympics

The Representation of Association Football in Fine Art in England From its Origins to the Present Day

This thesis aims to explore the representation of football in art from its origins in Ancient Greece to the present day, although the main focus of the analysis will be upon representations of football in English art from the late Victorian period up to 2010. In general terms, with minor but notable exceptions, the analysis will centre on the work of fine artists working in 2D, whose work has length and width much like a football pitch. The thesis will look at how artists have approached the game be it action on the pitch, a focus upon spectators or the location of the football stadium. The thesis will also assess the work of artists have who explored societal issues such as gender, identity, race as well as violence in society using football as visual content to explore these issues. The aim throughout will be to place the artwork in a social and historical context, to provide a social analysis of football through art, to demonstrate that art ‘is always a social servant and historically utilitarian.’It could be argued that an historical approach to art may well impact upon aesthetic appreciation, but knowledge of when and how a piece of art was produced also helps to place the work in context. In other words, aesthetic appreciation is linked to historical relevance. What is also clear is that visual images, in themselves, cannot provide the sports historian with a history of football. They can, however, provide an invaluable resource that can be used by social historians. The key source material for this thesis is first and foremost the artwork itself, a significant body of which is located at the National Football Museum. However, other sources such as press and art magazine articles, exhibition catalogues, the art archives at the Victoria and Albert Museum and the Manchester Art Gallery as well as the substantial Football Association archive at National Football Museum, have also been of crucial importance. Also, a number of interviews with contemporary artists have provided invaluable primary source material: these artists have also allowed me to view their work and provided me with copies to facilitate the study of their work. The major findings arising from the research are that the representation of football in art was not, once again with notable exceptions, prevalent until the foundation of the Premier League in 1992. These exceptions include popular art depictions of football in the Edwardian period, work commissioned by Frank Pick on behalf of London Transport and the milestone Football and the Fine Arts exhibition of 1953. Overall analysis of the artwork has shown that art is a useful source for historians and that focus upon a particular art genre, in this instance football art, can provide different insights into a significant cultural practice

The holocene ostracods of the Agulhas Bank, South Africa : their classification, distribution and ecology

Bibliography: pages 69-77.An analysis of the Holocene ostracod fauna of the Agulhas Bank has been carried out on seventy-three surficial sediment samples. Sixty-six species of Ostracoda have been recorded, of which fifty-nine species are accounted for in forty genera and the remaining seven species are of indeterminate classification. The species are described and their distribution and ecology is given. An. analysis of the sedimentology, as well as an oceanographic analysis of the bottom water on the Agulhas Bank, has provided environmental parameters for each sediment sample location, enabling relationships to be described between ostracod faunas and environmental conditions. Quantitative factor analysis has been carried out on the twenty-four most abundant species, generating seven factor associations relating ostracod assemblages to a set of environmental parameters. The independent variables analyzed were the temperature, salinity and dissolved-oxygen content of the bottom water, as well as the sand content of the sediment. Contour maps of these variables have been drawn up using SADCO data for the oceanographic variables, and the sediment samples to calculate the sand content. The overall oceanography of the Agulhas Bank has been analyzed by relating the environmental parameters generated at each location to the water masses present on the shelf, and to the oceanic currents affecting them. Finally, the seven factor associations generated have been related directly to the substrate types, the water masses, and the currents present on the Agulhas Bank

Upscaling of methane exchange in a boreal forest using soil chamber measurements and high-resolution LiDAR elevation data

Forest soils are generally considered to be net sinks of methane (CH4), but CH4 fluxes vary spatially depending on soil conditions. Measuring CH4 exchange with chambers, which are commonly used for this purpose, might not result in representative fluxes at site scale. Appropriate methods for upscaling CH4 fluxes from point measurements to site scale are therefore needed. At the boreal forest research site, Norunda, chamber measurements of soils and vegetation indicate that the site is a net sink of CH4, while tower gradient measurements indicate that the site is a net source of CH4. We investigated the discrepancy between chamber and tower gradient measurements by upscaling soil CH4 exchange to a 100 ha area based on an empirical model derived from chamber measurements of CH4 exchange and measurements of soil moisture, soil temperature and water table depth. A digital elevation model (DEM) derived from high-resolution airborne Light Detection and Ranging (LiDAR) data was used to generate gridded water table depth and soil moisture data of the study area as input data for the upscaling. Despite the simplistic approach, modeled fluxes were significantly correlated to four out of five chambers with R>0.68. The upscaling resulted in a net soil sink of CH4 of -10 mu mol m(-2) h(-1), averaged over the entire study area and time period June-September, 2010). Our findings suggest that additional contributions from CH4 soil sources outside the upscaling study area and possibly CH4 emissions from vegetation could explain the net emissions measured by tower gradient measurements. (C) 2015 Elsevier B.V. All rights reserved

An examination of students' motivation in the Practical English program at Yokohama City University

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Methane exchange in a boreal forest estimated by gradient method

Forests are generally considered to be net sinks of atmospheric methane (CH4) because of oxidation by methanotrophic bacteria in well-aerated forests soils. However, emissions from wet forest soils, and sometimes canopy fluxes, are often neglected when quantifying the CH4 budget of a forest. We used a modified Bowen ratio method and combined eddy covariance and gradient methods to estimate net CH4 exchange at a boreal forest site in central Sweden. Results indicate that the site is a net source of CH4. This is in contrast to soil, branch and leaf chamber measurements of uptake of CH4. Wetter soils within the footprint of the canopy are thought to be responsible for the discrepancy. We found no evidence for canopy emissions per se. However, the diel pattern of the CH4 exchange with minimum emissions at daytime correlated well with gross primary production, which supports an uptake in the canopy. More distant source areas could also contribute to the diel pattern; their contribution might be greater at night during stable boundary layer conditions

Understanding the AC conductivity and permittivity of trapdoor chabazites for future development of next-generation gas sensors

Synthetic K+ chabazite (KCHA), Cs+ chabazite (CsCHA) and Zn2+ chabazite (ZnCHA) have been synthesized and investigated in order to relate the differences in their crystalline structures to their thermal stability, moisture content and frequency dependent alternating current (AC) conductivity, permittivity and phase angle at a range of temperatures. The materials are shown to exhibit the universal dielectric response, which is typical of materials consisting of both conductive and insulating regions. Due to the presence of porosity, the three chabazites were hydrated significantly at room temperature and so the dehydrated state was achieved by heating the chabazites to high temperatures to ensure that all different energetic types of water were removed. Cation migration activation energies for KCHA (0.66 ± 0.10) eV, CsCHA (0.88 ± 0.01) eV and ZnCHA (0.90 ± 0.01) eV were determined during the cooling cycle from the fully dehydrated state to provide an accurate measurement of the activation energies. Good thermal stability of the materials was observed up to 710 °C and below 200 °C the electrical properties can be strongly influenced by hydration level. Overall, it was determined that when either hydrated or dehydrated, KCHA had the highest conductivity and lowest cation migration activation energy of the three studied chabazites and thus has the most promising electrical properties for potential use as a gas sensing material in next-generation electrical-based gas sensors.</p

Dataset for "Understanding the AC conductivity and permittivity of trapdoor chabazites for future development of next-generation gas sensors"

Synthetic K+ chabazite (KCHA), Cs+ chabazite (CsCHA) and Zn2+ chabazite (ZnCHA) were synthesized and compared in order to relate the differences in their crystalline structures to their thermal stability (TGA data), moisture content (TGA data) and frequency dependent alternating current (AC) conductivity (AC conductivity heating and cooling data), permittivity (permittivity heating and cooling data) and phase angle (phase angle heating and cooling data) at a range of temperatures. Cation migration activation energies for KCHA (0.66 ± 0.10) eV, CsCHA (0.88 ± 0.01) eV and ZnCHA (0.90 ± 0.01) eV were determined (activation energy data). Good thermal stability of the materials was observed up to 710 °C (TGA data) and below 200 °C the electrical properties were strongly influenced by hydration level (conductivity, permittivity and phase angle data). Overall, it was determined that when either hydrated or dehydrated, KCHA had the highest conductivity and lowest cation migration activation energy of the three studied chabazites (activation energy data)

Fuel Gas Storage:The Challenge of Methane

Methane usage, as part of the overall energy mix, has been gradually increasing in the last few decades and the exploration and production of shale gas reserves indicates that this trend is likely to continue. Upcoming energy demand, due to population and economic growth around the world will put a severe strain on the conversion of primary energy, a reason why shale gas is predicted to be intensely explored in coming years. Shale gas, despite health and environmental concerns, is expected to create a million jobs and add £1 trillion to the European Union economy. State-of-the-art methane storage is either as a compressed gas (usually at 25 MPa) or as a liquid (as Liquefied Natural Gas, LNG, with densities of ~450 kg m-3 at -162 °C), with the overall aim of increasing the volumetric density of the methane. Both technologies, however, incur large energy penalties due to the operational constraints of attaining high pressures and/or extremely low temperatures. The advances made in gas sorption in porous materials in recent decades suggest that this technology can be a competitive alternative to current state-of-the-art methods. This is due to considerable interactions between methane and optimally tailored porous structures, even at room temperature, which enhance the density of the gas on the surface of the solid structure. A rigorous experimental programme for prospective adsorbent materials for methane storage was carried out and the results analysed, with a view to directly comparing adsorptive storage technologies with other competing alternatives. The materials analysed were the high-surface area metal-organic frameworks MIL-101 and Cu-BTC and the activated carbon AX-21. The adsorbed methane densities obtained in some of these materials, even at room temperatures and mild operating pressures, indicate that there is definite scope for high-surface area materials to be used as alternatives to achieve high volumetric energy density and even compete with LNG technologies in terms of high methane densities per unit volume