Chapitre 29. Langues et histoire dans le Rift

photo Village karimojong (nord-est de l’Ouganda). Les Karimojong, peuples pasteurs, parlent une langue du phylum nilo-saharien (famille nilotique). Au cours de leur longue histoire – pratiquement ininterrompue depuis les origines de l’humanité – d’occupation de la vallée du Rift, les groupes humains qui s’y sont succédé ou côtoyés ont parlé des langues appartenant à des familles linguistiques distinctes. S’il est probablement impossible d’arriver à les identifier toutes, étant donné qu’il ne..

African Marriage Systems: Perspectives from Evolutionary Ecology

There are many characteristics of contemporary African societies that puzzle demographers and others concerned with economic and social modernization. One of the most prominent is that the birth rate remains in both urban and rural areas of sub-Saharan Africa in spite of the presence of several factors that supposedly promote lowering of fertility (McNicoll 1980). Some of these factors are increased survivorship of children into adulthood, increased availability of education and levels of educational attainment (for both sexes), increased urbanization, and increased monetarization of the economy via migratory wage labor and cash cropping. Each of these is normally thought to promote the freeing of young people from the control of elders and to foster the development of economically independent nuclear families, close conjugal relations between spouses, and parenting practices with more intense investment in smaller numbers of higher quality children (Caldwell 1977a, 1977b, 1982; Caldwell and Okonjo 1968; Anker et al., eds. 1982; Sudarkasa 1977; Page and Lesthaeghe 1981; see Barkow and Burley [1980] and Vining [1986] for further biosocial consideration of demographic transition.

Como ser feliz no meio de anglicismos: processos transglóssicos e transculturais Being happy among anglicisms: transglossic and transcultural processes

Neste artigo, mediante o uso de entrevistas informais com vinte proprietários de casas comerciais, busco entender suas razões para nomear seus estabelecimentos com expressões ou traços da língua inglesa. Examino também, à luz das noções de transglossia e transculturalidade, de que forma estruturas lexicais e sintáticas do inglês, visíveis nos nomes de casas comerciais, são traduzidas/transformadas por falantes de português brasileiro para significar algo. Seria a noção de neo-imperialismo made in USA transposta para o domínio lingüístico conciliável com as noções de transglossia e transculturalidade, pensadas por Cox e Assis-Peterson (2006, 2007)? Teria o homem comum algo a dizer ao político e ao cientista da linguagem, como defende Rajagopalan (2004)? Por meio das noções de transglossia e transculturalidade foi possível perceber marcas da desterritorialização do inglês ao ser usado em contexto brasileiro por pessoas do comércio. Os signos se mostraram mestiços, evidenciando processos lexicais e sintáticos que transitam entre o português e o inglês. A marca transglóssica dos signos mestiços é marca transcultural que não é meramente deglutida, mas remastigada e lançada em novas formas e sentidos.<br>In this paper, through the use of informal interviews with twenty owners of commercial stores I seek to understand their reasons to use English features or expressions in the names of their stores. I also examine under the light of the notions of transglossia and transculturality in which ways English lexical and syntactical structures in the names of commercial stores are translated/transformed by Brazilian Portuguese native speakers to mean something. Would the notion of neo-imperialism made in USA transposed to the linguistic domain be reconciliable with the notions of transglossia and transculturality proposed by Cox and Assis-Peterson (2006, 2007)? Would the ordinary man have something to say to the politician and to the language scientist as argued by Rajagopalan (2004)? Through the notions of transglossia and transculturality it was possible to notice marks of deterritorialization of English to be used in the Brazilian context by people of commerce. The signs revealed to be mestizo showing lexical and syntactical processes that go back and forth between Portuguese and English. The transglossic mark of mestizo signs is the transcultural mark that is not merely swallowed but chewed and thrown out in new forms and meanings