2,527 research outputs found
« Stock » et « Capital » dans The Wealth of Nations : traduire pour comprendre
Cette note propose une rĂ©flexion sur les concepts de « stock » et de « capital » dans An Inquiry into the Nature and Causes of the Wealth of Nations dâAdam Smith. La traduction de la dĂ©nomination « stock », en français, pose de nombreux problĂšmes, lesquels sâajoutent aux ambiguĂŻtĂ©s dâun texte qui balance largement entre une conception prĂ©-smithienne, qui utilise « capital » pour dĂ©signer une somme dâargent susceptible dâĂȘtre investie ou ayant dĂ©jĂ fait lâobjet dâun investissement, et une conception qui assimile le « capital » aux actifs physiques. Cette note propose dâadopter la notion de « richesses mobiliaires », empruntĂ©e au vocabulaire de Turgot, pour rĂ©soudre certaines de ces difficultĂ©s tout en prĂ©servant lâambiguĂŻtĂ© du texte de Smith, laquelle traduit certaines des difficultĂ©s thĂ©oriques rencontrĂ©es par lâauteur dans la conceptualisation du capital.This paper discusses the concepts of "stock" and "capital", as envisaged in The Wealth of Nations, from the perspective of their translation into French. Clearly the translation of "stock" poses serious problems, to which one must add Smith's continual hesitations between a definition of "capital" as money invested and a definition which equates "capital" with the things in which it has been invested. It is suggested that by translating "capital" by "capital" and "stock" by "richesses mobiliaires", borrowed from Turgot's writings, one can expect to solve some of these problems without hiding Smith's own ambiguity. More generally, it is shown that problems of translation raise interesting theoretical questions and that they cast a new light on the way the reader may approach the original text
La thĂ©orie de lâentrepreneur de Turgot : commentaire
Lâobjet de cette note est dâĂ©valuer la contribution critique prĂ©sentĂ©e par GĂ©rard Pelletier dans cette revue (« LâEntrepreneur dans la pensĂ©e Ă©conomique : lâoriginalitĂ© mĂ©connue de Turgot », vol. 66, juin 1990). Nous Ă©tablissons, en premier lieu, que, contrairement Ă ce quâaffirme lâauteur, les commentateurs nâont pas nĂ©gligĂ© la distinction du capitaliste et de lâentrepreneur chez Turgot. Enfin, sans rejeter lâidĂ©e que la thĂ©orie de lâentrepreneur de Turgot est singuliĂšre, nous montrons que son originalitĂ© rĂ©side plus dans la notion de « capitaliste entrepreneur » que dans la distinction du capitaliste et de lâentrepreneur quâelle est supposĂ©e introduire antĂ©rieurement Ă Say.It is the purpose of this note to appraise the relevance of the point made by GĂ©rard Pelletier in his "L'Entrepreneur dans la pensĂ©e Ă©conomique : lâoriginalitĂ© mĂ©connue de Turgot" (LâActualitĂ© Ă©conomique, vol. 66, June 1990) that Turgot developed an original theory of the entrepreneur. First, unlike what Pelletier maintains, it is not clear at all that commentators have neglected the distinction established by Turgot between the entrepreneur and the capitalist. In addition, Pelletier's contention that Turgot's theory is original because of his priority in distinguishing the entrepreneur from the capitalist is not convincing. Rather, the actual priority of Turgot rests on his theory of the capitalist entrepreneur
Tétanie, spasmophilie, syndrome d'hyperventilation : synthÚse théorique et thérapeutique.
peer reviewedLe syndrome dâhyperventilation(SHV), caractĂ©risĂ© par des symptĂŽmes somatiques multiples induits par une hyperventilation inappropriĂ©e, constitue la description physiopathologique dâun trouble frĂ©quent en mĂ©decine gĂ©nĂ©rale. Synonyme de spasmophilie, ou encore de tĂ©tanie normocalcique, il prĂ©sente lâavantage de proposer des critĂšres diagnostiques, mĂȘme si ceux-ci sont encore vagues. Mais sa dĂ©finition permet des mesures objectives : en effet, on peut facilement quantifier la chute de PCO2 lors dâun test de provocation dâhyperventilation, ou la PCO2 anormalement basse au repos. Le concept de syndrome dâhyperventilation propose Ă©galement un traitement structurĂ© (rĂ©Ă©ducation respiratoire, psychothĂ©rapie et pharmacologie) et efficace.
MalgrĂ© tout, il subsiste certaines incertitudes scientifiques Ă son sujet. Il nâexiste pas de consensus concernant les critĂšres Ă prendre en compte lors dâun test de provocation dâhyperventilation pour diagnostiquer un syndrome dâhyperventilation ; la spĂ©cificitĂ© de ce test est faible et un placebo (hyperventilation isocapnique) peut induire autant de symptĂŽmes que lui. La rĂ©Ă©ducation respiratoire, si elle donne de bons rĂ©sultats, nâagit pas pour autant nĂ©cessairement sur la PCO2. Certains y voient uniquement un mĂ©canisme de relaxation et une explication rationnelle aux symptĂŽmes effrayants.
Tout ceci pousse certains auteurs Ă rejeter le terme « syndrome dâhyperventilation », pour prĂ©fĂ©rer celui «dâhyperventilation chronique de cause inconnue »
A typology of goat farming in Reunion Island prior to the implementation of a breeding scheme adapted to the French overseas departments
In September 2008, The "Office de dĂ©veloppement de lâĂ©conomie agricole dâoutre-mer" carried out an assignment in the five French overseas departments and territories to evaluate the demand for genetic improvement of breeding goats (BouĂ© et al., 2008). This expertise concluded with an original proposal: testing the implementation of a common breeding scheme adapted to the 5 territories. As Reunion Island offers a favourable context for such a project, it was proposed to locate the selection nucleus there. For this purpose, a first assessment of the diversity of livestock systems was undertaken to understand farmer practices and breeding management orientations. We present here A typology of goatsâ livestock systems stemming from a study realized in 2009 (BouyssiĂšre, 2009) is thus presented in this paper
Elaboration of metallic compacts with high porosity for mechanical supports of SOFC
The development of third generation Solid Oxide Fuel Cells (SOFC) with metallic mechanical supports presents several advantages over that of ceramic stacks by offering a lower cost and longer lifetime of the stacks. As a consequence, it is necessary to prepare metallic porous compacts that remain stable at the operating temperature of the SOFC (700â800 C) under reductive atmosphere. This paper presents an innovative process to elaborate iron, nickel and cobalt porous compacts. The process is based on the thermal decomposition of metal oxalate precursors with controlled morphology into metallic powders with coralline shape. Uniaxial compaction of such powders (without binder addition to the powders) under low uniaxial pressures (rising from 20 to 100 MPa) gave rise to green compacts with high porosity and good mechanical properties. After annealing at 800 C under H2 atmosphere, the compacts still present interconnected porosity high enough to allow sufficient gas flow to feed a SOFC single cell in hydrogen: the porosity rises from 25 to 50% for iron compacts, from 20 to 50% for cobalt compacts, and is higher than 40% for nickel compacts. Results from physicochemical characterization (XRD, SEM, gas permeation, Hg porosimetry) corroborated the process for SOFC application
Fast and Adjustable Resolution Grazing Incidence x-ray Liquid Surfaces Diffraction achieved through 2D Detector
We developed a setup using a two dimensional camera for Grazing Incidence
x-ray Diffraction (GIXD) on Langmuir monolayers and more generally for surface
diffraction on two dimensional powders. Compared to the classical setup using a
linear detector combined with Soller's slits, the acquisition time is reduced
of a factor of at least 10 (from more than one hour to a few minutes) using the
same x-ray source (synchrotron bending magnet) with a comparable signal to
noise ratio. Moreover, using an horizontal gap slit, the experimental
resolution can be adjusted and for small values of the gap, better resolution
can be achieved compared to the one obtained with the linear detector.Comment: 37pages, 11 figure
Intermediate temperature SOFC single cell test using Nd1.95NiO4+ÎŽ as cathode
This work deals with SOFC single cell tests using neodymium nickelate Nd1.95NiO4+ÎŽ as cathode material. This MIEC oxide exhibits high values of both surface exchange coefficient (k) and oxygen diffusion coefficient (D*), as well as high electronic conductivity, which result in an enhanced electrochemical activity with respect to classical materials. The SOFC cells were fabricated from an anode-supported electrolyte half-cell provided by InDEC B.V. Corporation, with a 36mmdiameter. The Nd1.95NiO4+ÎŽ cathode was prepared as a two-stage electrode consisting of a thin interlayer of several hundred nanometers covered by a thicker layer of dozens microns. The Nd1.95NiO4+ÎŽ oxide powders were synthesized using different routes in order to reduce the final annealing temperature, and to subsequently obtain submicronic powders. IâV characteristics of the single cells were investigated under hydrogenâair conditions. The power densities versus current densities curves are reported and the results of impedance spectroscopy measurements performed under these operating conditions are discussed
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