Семантичні зміни в лексичному складі російської та української мов

Использование вычислительной техники и радиоэлектроники способствовало формированию специальной группы лексических единиц. Номинация новых явлений и понятий является актуальной проблемой нынешнего этапа развития языка. Изменение семантического наполнения – это один из способов решения данной проблемы. Расширение или сужение семантического объема слов способствует обогащению лексической системы, а именно терминологии.Використання обчислювальної техніки та радіоелектроніки спричинило формування спеціальної групи лексичних одиниць. Номінація нових явищ та понять є актуальною проблемою теперішнього етапу розвитку мови. Зміна семантичного об'єму – це один із засобів вирішення даної проблеми. Звуження або розширення семантичного наповнення сприяє збагаченню лексичної системи, а саме термінології.Using of radio-electronic devices forced the formation of a special group of lexical units. The nomination of new processes and notions is an actual problem of today's language development. Semantic changes of existing units is one of the decisions of the problem. Widening and narrowing of semantic meanings promotes the enrichment of lexical system, especially the system of terminology

Characterization of the recognition of consensus sequences from 4 VB from DBL6ε by purified IgGs from the plasma of pregnant women.

<p>ELISA reactivity of VB1 (blue), VB2 (red), VB4 (green), and VB5 (black) is plotted on a graph. Along X, the percentage of responders, and along Y, the geometric mean of the antibody response of responders within non-infected (<b>A</b>) or infected women during pregnancy (<b>B</b>). A positive response is defined as an IgG response greater than the average of the values of its group +2 standard deviations of European women response. Repartitions of dots differ in infected and non-infected women: dots of non-infected women being grouped while those of infected women are sparse.</p

Number of consensus sequences recognized by purified IgGs.

<p>(<b>A</b>) From the plasma of pregnant women having been infected (n = 39) or not (n = 41) by <i>P. falciparum</i> during their pregnancy; (<b>B</b>) according to parity. The top, bottom, and middle lines of the boxes correspond to the 75^th percentile, 25^th percentile, and 50^th percentile (median), respectively. The whiskers extend from the 10^th percentile and top 90^th percentile.</p

Percentage of responders against group of sequences formed within VB.

<p>Percentage of responders (with a OD higher than mean +2 standard deviations of European women response) that recognized group of consensus sequences within each VB, within both VB1 and VB5, or within all VB shows that almost all women have IgG reacting with at least one of the 15 studied consensus sequences, with 85% APPI.</p

VB localisation on the DBL3X structure.

<p>VB1, VB2, VB3, VB4, VB5, VB6, and VB7 are coloured in green, yellow, dark purple, pink, orange, red, blue and turquoise blue on the DBL6ε structure. Both figures represent the protein with a 180° rotation.</p

VB localisation and characterisation on each DBL from VAR2CSA.

<p>Five DBL1X, DBL2X, DBL3X, DBL4ε, DBL5ε, and DBL6ε from VAR2CSA were chosen from data banks to have the least similar sequence within their VB and were aligned to determine and compare the localization and the length of the VB. Amino acids were coloured following their similarity: green: 100% similar; khaki: 80 to 100% similar; orange: 60 to 80% similar; gray: less than 60% similar. VB1, VB2, VB3, VB4, VB4 extension, VB5, VB6, VB7, and VB7 extension were coloured in green light, yellow, pink, red light, orange, uncoloured, purple, gray and green. Each sequence is labelled on the left by the DBL number and ID in data banks. Order of DBL in this alignment is related to their sequence identity.</p

VB and predicted linear and conformational B epitope localisation on the DBL3X structure.

<p>On the DBL3X structure of DBL6ε (PDB: 3BQK) were localized: <b>A</b>) variable blocks coloured in red, isolated mutated amino acids in bleu, and in <b>B</b>) the predicted linear B epitopes are coloured in orange.</p

Reactivity of purified IgG against variable blocks.

<p>The level of purified IgG responses expressed as optical density (OD) units at 450nm against the various peptides is shown for women at delivery living in endemic area. The top, bottom, and middle lines of the box correspond to the 75th percentile, 25th percentile, and 50th percentile (median), respectively. The whiskers extend from the 10th percentile and top 90th percentile.</p

Graphic representation of the variability tolerated for a sequence that remains dominant epitope at various identity percentages.

<p>Experimental responses of purified IgG against the VB are shown in percent on the x-axis and are summarised in <a href="http://www.plosone.org/article/info:doi/10.1371/journal.pone.0011276#pone-0011276-t003" target="_blank">Table 3</a> (Reactivity of IgG). The occurrence of each VB sequences in the population was counted. For example, in <a href="http://www.plosone.org/article/info:doi/10.1371/journal.pone.0011276#pone-0011276-g004" target="_blank">Figure 4B</a> at APPI>85% (here 86.1%) we counted 14 strains (or 14/29*100%). In <a href="http://www.plosone.org/article/info:doi/10.1371/journal.pone.0011276#pone-0011276-g004" target="_blank">Figure 4</a>, the number of sequences identical to CYK48 (indicated with*) were counted. Percentage of isolates with the same sequence as CYK48 for each VB is indicated on y-axis at 80% (black circle), 85% (blue square), 90% (green triangle), or 95% (red diamond) APPI. For example, see values for APPI = 85% in <a href="http://www.plosone.org/article/info:doi/10.1371/journal.pone.0011276#pone-0011276-t003" target="_blank">Table 3</a> (% of isolates). Experimental distribution around the linear curve is linked to the APPI tolerated to have an identical IgG response to two sequences. The best Pearson's r (0.74) for a linear model is calculated for 85% APPI. This graph indicates a cut-off of 85%. In our ELISA, two sequences sharing this APPI will have the same antibody response.</p

Synthesised peptide sequences from CYK48-DBL6ε VB1 to 7.

<p>*Identical at 85% of average percentage pairwise identity.</p>§<p>In % on 80 purified IgG.</p>$<p>B: Biotin; Ct: Carboxyterminal.</p><p>Sequence of variable blocks from CYK48-DBL6ε. For example, the number of isolates identical to CYK48 VB1 determined from <a href="http://www.plosone.org/article/info:doi/10.1371/journal.pone.0011276#pone-0011276-g004" target="_blank">Figure 4B</a>. At the branch where APPI>85% (here 86.1%), 14 strains are counted (for a total of 29 strains: 48% of them have the same sequence at APPI>85%). The other VB values were determined as the same way.</p