Révision des Neomelaniconion Newstead (Diptera : Culicidae) de Madagascar : espèces présentes et description de cinq nouvelles espèces

International audienceRevision of the Neomelaniconion Newstead (Diptera: Culicidae) form Madagascar: recorded species and decription of fi ve new species. The authors carry out a review of the genus Neomelaniconion Newstead in Madagascar. They confi rm the presence of Neomelaniconion circumluteolus (Theobald 1908). They question the presence of Neomelaniconion palpalis (Newstead 1907) and they describe fi ve new species for world fauna: Neomelaniconion albiradius sp. nov., Neomelaniconion belleci sp. nov., Neomelaniconion fontenillei sp. nov., Neomelaniconion nigropterum sp. nov., Neomelaniconion sylvaticum sp. nov. They fi nally propose the creation of Circumluteolus and Sylvaticum groups. Résumé. Les auteurs effectuent une révision du genre Neomelaniconion Newstead à Madagascar. Ils confi rment la présence de Neomelaniconion circumluteolus (Theobald 1908), mettent en doute la présence de Neomelaniconion palpalis (Newstead 1907) et décrivent 5 nouvelles espèces pour la faune mondiale : Neomelaniconion albiradius sp. nov., Neomelaniconion belleci sp. nov., Neomelaniconion fontenillei sp. nov., Neomelaniconion nigropterum sp. nov., Neomelaniconion sylvaticum sp. nov. Ils proposent enfi n la création des groupes Circumluteolus et Sylvaticum

Analisis Pengaruh Efektivitas Penerapan Sistem Manajemen Keselamatan Dan Kesehatan Kerja (SMK3) Terhadap Produktivitas Kerja Karyawan (Studi Kasus Plant 11 PT Indocement Tunggal Prakarsa, Tbk Citeureup)

Employee is an important resource to have production process in a big factory. Factory couldn\u27t operate without employee. To protect their employees, the leader makes a policy like occupational health and safety. This policy for protect their employee from risk of bad accident and illness that causes of work. Bad accident can strike employee anywhere and anytime so this cases must to have a special attention. So, the leader, government, and management must pay attention to this risk. Work accident leaning influence to manpower productivity because quality of work life and guarantee of occupational health and safety influence manpower productivity. PT Indocement Tunggal Prakarsa, Tbk is one of the biggest cement factories in Indonesia. This factory has applicated occupational health and safety assessment base on Permenaker No. 05/MEN/1996 and OHSAS 18001. Occupational health and safety effectiveness can describe by six aspect based on Miner Theory. That theory are safety training, safety publication, control to work environment, inspection and discipline, improvement awareness of occupational health and safety, report and statistic of occupational health and safety. Five aspect of Theory Miner, can describe by employee perspective, even report and statistic of occupational health and safety can describe by secondary data from Safety Department and Management Representative of PT ITP

Bridging gaps in the molecular phylogeny of the Lymnaeidae (Gastropoda: Pulmonata), vectors of Fascioliasis

<p>Abstract</p> <p>Background</p> <p>Lymnaeidae snails play a prominent role in the transmission of helminths, mainly trematodes of medical and veterinary importance (<it>e.g</it>., <it>Fasciola </it>liver flukes). As this family exhibits a great diversity in shell morphology but extremely homogeneous anatomical traits, the systematics of Lymnaeidae has long been controversial. Using the most complete dataset to date, we examined phylogenetic relationships among 50 taxa of this family using a supermatrix approach (concatenation of the 16 S, ITS-1 and ITS-2 genes, representing 5054 base pairs) involving both Maximum Likelihood and Bayesian Inference.</p> <p>Results</p> <p>Our phylogenetic analysis demonstrates the existence of three deep clades of Lymnaeidae representing the main geographic origin of species (America, Eurasia and the Indo-Pacific region). This phylogeny allowed us to discuss on potential biological invasions and map important characters, such as, the susceptibility to infection by <it>Fasciola hepatica </it>and <it>F. gigantica</it>, and the haploid number of chromosomes (n). We found that intermediate hosts of <it>F. gigantica </it>cluster within one deep clade, while intermediate hosts of <it>F. hepatica </it>are widely spread across the phylogeny. In addition, chromosome number seems to have evolved from n = 18 to n = 17 and n = 16.</p> <p>Conclusion</p> <p>Our study contributes to deepen our understanding of Lymnaeidae phylogeny by both sampling at worldwide scale and combining information from various genes (supermatrix approach). This phylogeny provides insights into the evolutionary relationships among genera and species and demonstrates that the nomenclature of most genera in the Lymnaeidae does not reflect evolutionary relationships. This study highlights the importance of performing basic studies in systematics to guide epidemiological control programs.</p

Inventory of the mosquitoes (Diptera : Culicidae) of the islands of southwestern Indian Ocean, Madagascar excluded : a critical review

The biodiversity of mosquitoes in the islands of southwestern Indian Ocean is the concern of numerous publications. Here, we propose a synthetic inventory and the analysis of the mosquito diversity, based on the available literature. A comprehensive annotated checklist of mosquito species has been recently published on Madagascar; this is the reason why this land is excluded from our work. Studied area encompasses 28 tropical islands in the southern hemisphere: 4 islands in the Comoros archipelago, 5 Scattered Islands (iles Eparses), 5 in Mascarene, 11 in the Seychelles and 3 in the Chagos archipelago. In total, the mosquito list presents 73 valid species, of which 10 are Anophelinae and 63 Culicinae. The number of species that are distributed in these islands only is 19, i.e. 26%, which is a remarkable level for endemism. The richness in mosquito species in these islands is analysed through several aspects including geography, local speciation and natural or human dissemination. This updated inventory increases by 33% the number of known species by regard to the previous inventory published by Julvez & Mouchet in 1994. The historical responsibility of humans in the introduction of new mosquito species in these islands is strongly documented. For instance, the species with the highest distribution among islands are Aedes aegypti, Ae. albopictus and Culex quinquefasciatus. The islands belong to the afrotropical biogeographic area and, logically, the majority (63%) of mosquito species present phylogenetic affinities with continental Africa and/or Madagascar; interestingly, the number of species present in these islands and in Madagascar but absent in continental Africa is higher than the number of species present in these islands and in continental Africa but absent in Madagascar (respectively 12 and 2 species). Thanks to valuable increase in the sampling effort, our knowledge of the culicidian fauna is increasing in these islands that constitute indisputably hotspots of biodiversity

Autochthonous chikungunya transmission and extreme climate events in Southern France

Background Extreme precipitation events are increasing as a result of ongoing global warming, but controversy surrounds the relationship between flooding and mosquito-borne diseases. A common view among the scientific community and public health officers is that heavy rainfalls have a flushing effect on breeding sites, which negatively affects vector populations, thereby diminishing disease transmission. During 2014 in Montpellier, France, there were at least 11 autochthonous cases of chikungunya caused by the invasive tiger mosquito Aedes albopictus in the vicinity of an imported case. We show that an extreme rainfall event increased and extended the abundance of the disease vector Ae. albopictus, hence the period of autochthonous transmission of chikungunya. Methodology/Principal Findings We report results from close monitoring of the adult and egg population of the chikungunya vector Ae. albopictus through weekly sampling over the entire mosquito breeding season, which revealed an unexpected pattern. Statistical analysis of the seasonal dynamics of female abundance in relation to climatic factors showed that these relationships changed after the heavy rainfall event. Before the inundations, accumulated temperatures are the most important variable predicting Ae. albopictus seasonal dynamics. However, after the inundations, accumulated rainfall over the 4 weeks prior to capture predicts the seasonal dynamics of this species and extension of the transmission period. Conclusions/Significance Our empirical data suggests that heavy rainfall events did increase the risk of arbovirus transmission in Southern France in 2014 by favouring a rapid rise in abundance of vector mosquitoes. Further studies should now confirm these results in different ecologicalcontexts, so that the impact of global change and extreme climatic events on mosquito population dynamics and the risk of disease transmission can be adequately understood

Is the small clutch size of a Corsican blue tit population optimal?

International audienceIn an attempt to test predictions of the optimisation hypothesis of life history traits in birds, we estimated ®tness consequences of brood size manipulations. Experiments were carried out over a period of 4 years in a Mediterranean population of blue tits Parus caeruleus which is confronted with a particular set of environmental constraints. Eects of brood size manipulation were investigated in relation to year-toyear variation in environmental conditions, especially caterpillar abundance. There was a strong variation in the eects of brood size manipulation depending on year. Most eects were on ospring quality (¯edging mass, tarsus length). The absolute number of recruits did not signi®cantly dier among categories (reduced, control, enlarged broods) but varied considerably among years. Females recruited from enlarged broods were of lower quality, started to breed later and laid fewer eggs than those recruited from control and reduced broods. Neither parental survival nor reproductive performances of adults in year n + 1 was aected by brood size manipulation in year n. Thus there was no evidence for a cost of reproduction in this population. Since the number of recruits did not depend on brood size manipulation (recruitment rates were higher in reduced broods), but recruits from reduced broods were of better quality compared with other groups, we conclude that adults lay a clutch that is larger than that which is predicted by the optimisation hypothesis. Producing more young could incur some penalties because ospring from large broods are of lower quality and less likely to recruit in the population. Two possible reasons why decision rules in this population seem to be suboptimal are discussed

Parasite intensity is driven by temperature in a wild bird

International audienceThe rate of adaptive evolution, the contribution of selection to genetic changes that increase mean fitness, is determined by the additive genetic variance in individual relative fitness. To date, there are few robust estimates of this parameter for natural populations, and it is therefore unclear whether adaptive evolution can play a meaningful role in short-term population dynamics. We developed and applied quantitative genetic methods to long-term datasets from 19 wild bird and mammal populations and found that, while estimates vary between populations, additive genetic variance in relative fitness is often substantial and, on average, twice that of previous estimates. We show that these rates of contemporary adaptive evolution can affect population dynamics and hence that natural selection has the potential to partly mitigate effects of current environmental change

The biotic and abiotic drivers of ‘living’ diversity in the deadly traps of Nepenthes pitcher plants

Nepenthes pitcher plants are carnivorous plants that paradoxically harbor a living infauna (the inquilines) in their pitchers, which withstands the hostile conditions of the digestive fluid and plays a role in prey digestion. Because most Nepenthes species are threatened by human activity, we aimed to assess how their inquiline communities are likewise endangered. This involved testing whether arthropod infaunal composition is Nepenthes-specific or even species-specific, as well as determining the ecological drivers of its diversity. In a field experiment in Brunei (Borneo), prey items were introduced into the fluid of newly open pitchers in four sympatric Nepenthes species, and into water control reservoirs. Abundance, species richness and Shannon diversity of metazoans in all reservoirs were analyzed 1 month later. Reservoir dimensions and fluid pH were measured, and the natural prey and vegetal detritus were identified and quantified. The inquiline diversities of the Nepenthes pitchers were much greater than those of the water controls. Dissimilarity indices showed that the inquiline composition was specific to each Nepenthes species. The fate of the inquiline community is thus intrinsically linked to that of its host plant, underlining its threatened status. Inquiline abundance was determined by pitcher aperture diameter, pitcher volume, fluid pH and the prey number. Inquiline species richness increased solely with abiotic factors, such as fluid pH and pitcher aperture diameter, and thereby with habitat area, reflecting the well-known species–area relationship, but it did not vary with species richness of prey. Nepenthes pitcher plants thus control, to some extent, the establishment of their inquilines via fluid physico-chemistry and pitcher design. From a conservation perspective, priority protection should be given to Nepenthes species with pitchers of large aperture, keystone for a broader biodiversity