Developments in the Right to Defence for Juvenile Offenders Since Vietnam’s Ratification of the Convention on the Rights of the Child

This article examines Vietnam’s legal changes and law enforcement practices in regards to the right to defence of juvenile offenders since Vietnam ratified the United Nations Convention on the Rights of the Child in 1990. A combination of research methods is employed, including document analysis, statistical analysis, and selected case studies. The findings of the research indicate that Vietnam has demonstrated considerable improvement in acknowledging the right to defence of juvenile offenders in its law. The contemporary Vietnamese regulations are similar to the CRC’s requirements about legal assistance for juvenile offenders. The implementation of the law, however, confronts difficulties as juvenile offenders and their parents’ misunderstand the right to defence, and the procedure-conducting persons and defence councils’ lack commitment to their responsibilities. Therefore, Vietnam needs more effective mechanisms in order to realise the right to defence for juvenile offenders, closing the gap between the rights on paper and in practice

ECONOMIC RELATIONS BETWEEN VIETNAM AND THE SOVIET UNION (1986-1991)

On November 3, 1978, Vietnam and the Soviet Union signed the Treaty of Amity and Cooperation, signaling a fresh and significant development in many domains, both in breadth and depth, which had a significant impact on the development of the two countries. This is seen as a "golden period" in particular for business connections between Vietnam and the Soviet Union. When both Vietnam and the Soviet Union began the process of "reforming" and "renovating" their respective nations in 1986, the two nations' economic connections continued to experience qualitative advancements. Vietnam was able to begin the process of rehabilitation and national construction with a strong economic foundation thanks to the Soviet Union's backing and aid during the years 1986 to 1991.  Article visualizations

Effects of some factors on carotenoid biosynthesis by Rhodotorula Muclaginosa

Carotenoid compounds are the popular natural antioxidants which are often isolated from plants. There have been more and more researches on carotenoid biosynthesis towards lowering product prices. In this study, in order to produce carotenoid, Rhodotorula mucilaginosa was grown on aqueous media composed of carbon source (glucose, glycerol), nitrogen source (yeast extract, (NH4)2SO4). The optimum nutrient concentration was 10g/L glucose, 10g/L glycerol, the ratio of yeast extract and (NH4)2SO4 (3:7). The fermentation time for obtaining the highest carotenoid yield was 10 days in our research condition. Additionally, some oxidative stress environment for Rhodotorula mucilaginosa was be studied. The result has shown that the low level of Cu2+ (4.5mM) or 1% H2O2 solution (% v/v) in the fermentation media could increase the carotenoid biosynthesis

Improving the livelihood of small farmers in the pig value chain: Experiences in the north of Vietnam

Livestock sector in general and pig production in particular are important in Vietnam not only for supplying food for its growing population but also for their significant contributions to the country’s economy. Smallholder pig producers which are common, are estimated to supply at least 80% of pork in total pork production in the country. The paper airms to draw a picture of pig production performance of small farmers based on the survey data of ILRI-VNUA and value chain approach. It is believed that pig smallholders in Vietnam perform a weak market orientation, and they do not have full information about market. Therefore, some implications should be as small pig farmers need facilitation from the government and training & improving veterinary network are needed; Government management on input and output markets should be strengthened effectively; The private sector should participate actively in the chains; and Awareness of food safety of people should be improved

ISOLATION AND SELECTION OF LIPASE-PRODUCING BACTERIA IN VIETNAM

Joint Research on Environmental Science and Technology for the Eart

An evaluation of economic viability of small scale slaughterhouses in Vietnam: Implication for pig value chain development

Slaughterhouse plays important role in pig value chain in Vietnam, not only for the functions it plays and economic added value it generates, but also for product quality relates to food safety standards that is much affected under slaughtering activity. The study is aimed to get a better understanding of structure, conduct, performance and economic viability of small scale slaughter houses in the pig value chain, and draw key implications for pig value chain development in Vietnam. Nghe An and Hung Yen are selected as study site. Data is collected from 51 small scale slaughterhouses in 18 communes. Descriptive and comparative statistics are employed with t-test for mean comparison. Results show that slaughterhouse plays multiple functions in the pig value chain, generate permanent jobs for at least 2 family labors, and provides an income of about 18 USD/working day for family labor, contributing about threefourths of total family income. Slaughtering activity generates an added value of 165 USD/one ton of live pig, accounting from 24%-44% total value added in the pig value chain. Upstream and downstream linkages of slaughterhouses in the chain are quite loose with no formal contract. The majority of small scale slaughterhouses do not meet the standards for pig slaughterhouse as required by the Ministry of Agriculture and Rural Development. The setting up as well as slaughtering practices are perceived to contribute to exposure of meat to contamination that could lead to higher incidence of salmonella in pork, a common cause of foodborne illness for consumers. Rising concerns of consumers about food safety as well as increasing level of economic integration of Vietnam are factors potentially having great impacts on economic viability of small scale slaughterhouse in Vietnam. Several recommendations for upgrading slaughterhouse are proposed accordingly

Robust Adaptive Control of 3D Overhead Crane System

In this chapter an adaptive anti-sway controller for uncertain overhead cranes is proposed. The system model including the system uncertainties and disturbances is introduced firstly. Next, the adaptive controller which can guarantee tracking the desired position of the trolley as well as the anti-sway of the load cable is established. In this chapter, the system is proven to be input-to-state stable (ISS) which is supported by Lyapunov technique. The proposed algorithm is verified by using Matlab/Simulink simulation tool. The simulation results shown that the presented controller gives the good performances (i.e., fast transient response, position tracking, and low swing angle) when there exist system parameters variation as well as input disturbances

Positivity for explicit two-step methods in linear multistep and one-leg form

Positivity results are derived for explicit two-step methods formulated in linear multistep form and in one-leg form. It turns out that the latter formulation allows a slightly larger step size with respect to positivit

A thorough theoretical investigation into complexes formed by interaction of dimethyl sulfoxide with two water molecules

A computational study of the stability and the cooperative effect of hydrogen bonds in the complexes of dimethyl sulfoxide and two water molecules was undertaken at the MP2/6-311++G(2d,2p) level of theory. The cooperative energies of obtained complexes are significantly negative, indicating that there is a large cooperativity between types of hydrogen bonds. The existence of the O−H∙∙∙O hydrogen bond present at dimer of water increases the stability of O−H∙∙∙O and C−H∙∙∙O hydrogen bonds in the ternary complexes compared to relevant binary complexes. By vibrational and NBO analyses, it is found that the magnitude of stretching frequency red shift of O−H bonds in the O−H···O hydrogen bonds is enhanced, whereas the extent of stretching frequency blue shift of C−H bonds in the C−H∙∙∙O hydrogen bonds is weakened when the cooperativity of hydrogen bonds happens in the ternary complexes. Obtained results of AIM analysis and stabilization energies indicate the larger contribution of the O−H∙∙∙O relative to the C−H∙∙∙O hydrogen bond to cooperativity. Keywords. Dimethyl sulfoxide, hydrogen bond, cooperativity