Country-level gender inequality is associated with structural differences in the brains of women and men

男女間の不平等と脳の性差 --男女間の不平等は脳構造の性差と関連する--. 京都大学プレスリリース. 2023-05-10.Gender inequality across the world has been associated with a higher risk to mental health problems and lower academic achievement in women compared to men. We also know that the brain is shaped by nurturing and adverse socio-environmental experiences. Therefore, unequal exposure to harsher conditions for women compared to men in gender-unequal countries might be reflected in differences in their brain structure, and this could be the neural mechanism partly explaining women’s worse outcomes in gender-unequal countries. We examined this through a random-effects meta-analysis on cortical thickness and surface area differences between adult healthy men and women, including a meta-regression in which country-level gender inequality acted as an explanatory variable for the observed differences. A total of 139 samples from 29 different countries, totaling 7, 876 MRI scans, were included. Thickness of the right hemisphere, and particularly the right caudal anterior cingulate, right medial orbitofrontal, and left lateral occipital cortex, presented no differences or even thicker regional cortices in women compared to men in gender-equal countries, reversing to thinner cortices in countries with greater gender inequality. These results point to the potentially hazardous effect of gender inequality on women’s brains and provide initial evidence for neuroscience-informed policies for gender equality

Clinical and functional outcome of treatment refractory first episode schizophrenia

Please help populate SUNScholar with the full text of SU research output. Also - should you need this item urgently, please send us the details and we will try to get hold of the full text as quick possible. E-mail to [email protected]. Thank you.Geneeskunde en GesondheidswetenskappePsigiatri

Clinical and functional outcome of treatment refractory first-episode schizophrenia

Please help populate SUNScholar with the full text of SU research output. Also - should you need this item urgently, please send us the details and we will try to get hold of the full text as quick possible. E-mail to [email protected]. Thank you.Journal Articles (subsidised)Geneeskunde en GesondheidswetenskappePsigiatri

Rabies in the African Civet: An Incidental Host for Lyssaviruses?

In South Africa, canid rabies virus (RABV) infection is maintained in domestic and wildlife species. The identification of rabies in African civets raised the question of whether this wildlife carnivore is a potential reservoir host of RABVs of direct and ancestral dog origin (dog-maintained and dog-derived origins) with an independent cycle of transmission. Genetic analyses of African civet nucleoprotein sequences for 23 African civet RABVs and historically published sequences demonstrated that RABVs from African civets have two origins related to dog and mongoose rabies enzootics. The data support observations of the interaction of civets with domestic dogs and wildlife mongooses, mostly in Northern South Africa and North-East Zimbabwe. Within each host species clade, African civet RABVs group exclusively together, implying intra-species virus transfer occurs readily. The canid RABV clade appears to support virus transfer more readily between hosts than mongoose RABVs. Furthermore, these data probably indicate short transmission chains with conspecifics that may be related to transient rabies maintenance in African civets. Hence, it is important to continue monitoring the emergence of lyssaviruses in this host. Observations from this study are supported by ongoing and independent similar cases, in which bat-eared foxes and black-backed jackal species maintain independent rabies cycles of what were once dog-maintained RABVs

SASOP Biological Psychiatry Congress 2013 Abstracts

List of abstracts and authors: 1. Bipolar disorder not otherwise specified -overdiagnosed or underdiagnosed? E Allers 2. The prognosis of major depression untreated and treated: Does the data reflect the true picture of the prognosis of this very common disorder? E Allers 3. Can we prolong our patients' life expectancy? Providing a better quality of life for patients with severe mental illness O A Betencourt 4. The scope of ECT practice in South Africa J Benson-Martin, P Milligan 5. Biomarkers for schizophrenia: Can we evolve like cancer therapeutics? P Buckley 6. Relapse in schizophrenis: Major challenges in prediction and prevention P Buckley 7. Informed consent in biological treatments: The right to know the duty to inform I Chetty 8. Effectiveness of a long-acting injectable antipsychotic plus an assertive monitoring programme in first-episode schizophrenia B Chiliza, L Asmal, O Esan, A Ojagbemi, O Gureje, R Emsley 9. Name, shame, fame P Cilliers 10. Can we manage the increasing incidence of violent raging children? We have to! H Clark 11. Serotonin, depression and antidepressant action P Cowen 12. Prevalence and correlates of comorbid psychiatris illness in patients with heroin use disorder admitted to Stikland Opioid Detoxification Unit L Dannatt, K J Cloete, M Kidd, L Weich 13. Investigating the association between diabetes mellitus, depression and psychological distress in a cohort of South African teachers A K Domingo, S Seedat, T M Esterhuizen, C Laurence, J Volmink, L Asmal 14. Neuropeptide S -emerging evidence for a role in anxiety K Domschke 15. Pathogenetics of anxiety K Domschke 16. The effects of HIV on the fronto-striatal system S du Plessis, M Vink, J Joska, E Koutsilieri, C Scheller, B Spottiswoode, D Stein, R Emsley 17. Effects of acute antipsychotic treatment on brain morphology in schizophrenia R Emsley, L Asmal, B Chiliza, S du Plessis, J Carr, A Goosen, M Kidd, M Vink, R Kahn 18. Development of a genetic database resource for monitoring of breast cancer patients at risk of physical and psychological complications K Grant, F J Cronje, K Botha, J P Apffelstaedt, M J Kotze 19. Unipolar mania reconsidered: Evidence from a South African study C Grobler 20. Antipsychotic-induced movement disorders: Occurence and management P Haddad 21. The place of observational studies in assessing the effectiveness of long-acting injectable antipsychotics P Haddad 22. Molecular mechanisms of d-cycloserine in fear extinction: Insights from RNS sequencing S Hemmings, S Malan-Muller, L Fairbairn, M Jalali, E J Oakeley, J Gamieldien, M Kidd, S Seedat 23. Schizophrenia: The role of inflammation DC Henderson 24. Addictions: Emergent trends and innovations V Hitzeroth 25. The socio-cultural-religious context of biological psychiatric practice B Janse van Rensburg 26. Biochemical markers for identifying risk factors for disability progression in multiple sclerosis S Janse van Rensburg, M J Kotze, F J Cronje, W Davis, K Moremi, M Jalali Sefid Dashti, J Gamieldien, D Geiger, M Rensburg, R van Toorn, M J de Klerk, G M Hon, T Matsha, S Hassan, R T Erasmus 27. Alcohol-induced psychotic disorder: Brain perfusion and psychopathology - before and after antipsychotic treatment G Jordaan, J M Warwick, D G Nel, R Hewlett, R Emsley 28.'Pump and dump': Harm reduction strategies for breastfeeding while using substances L Kramer 29. Adolescent neuropsychiatry - an emerging field in South African adolescent psychiatric services A Lachman 30. Recovery versus remission, or what it means to be healthy for a psychiatric patient? B Latecki 31. Holistic methods utilised to normalise behaviours in youth diagnosed with neuro-biochemical disorders P Macqueen 32. Candidate genes and novel polymorphisms for anxiety disorder in a South African cohort N McGregor, J Dimatelis, S M J Hemmings, C J Kinnear, D Stein, V Russel, C Lochner 33. Higher visual functioning A Moodley 34. The effects of prenatal methylmercury exposure on trace element and antioxidant levels in rat offspring following 6-hydroxydopamine-induced neuronal insult Z M Moosa, W M U Daniels, M V Mabandla 35. Paediatric neuropsychiatric movement disorders L Mubaiwa 36. The South African national female offenders study M Nagdee, L Artz, C de Clercq, P de Wet, H Erlacher, S Kaliski, C Kotze, L Kowalski, J Naidoo, S Naidoo, J Pretorius, M Roffey, F Sokudela, U Subramaney 37. Neurobiological consequences of child abuse C Nemeroff 38. What do Stellenbosch Unviversity medical students think about psychiatry - and why should we care? G Nortje, S Suliman, K Seed, G Lydall, S Seedat 39. Neurological soft skins in Nigerian Africans with first episode schizophrenia: Factor structure and clinical correlates A Ojagbemi, O Esan, O Gureje, R Emsley 40. Should psychiatric patients know their MTHFR status? E Peter 41. Clinical and functional outcome of treatment refractory first-episode schizophrenia L Phahladira, R Emsley, L Asmal, B Chiliza 42. Bioethics by case discussion W Pienaar 43. Reviewing our social contract pertaining to psychiatric research in children, research in developing countries and distributive justice in pharmacy W Pienaar 44. The performance of the MMSE in a heterogenous elderly South African population S Ramlall, J Chipps, A I Bhigjee, B J Pillay 45. Biological basis addiction (alocohol and drug addiction) S Rataemane 46. Volumetric brain changes in prenatal methamphetamine-exposed children compared with healthy unexposed controls A Roos, K Donald, G Jones, D J Stein 47. Single voxel proton magnetic resonance spectroscopy of the amygdala in social anxiety disorder in the context of early developmental trauma D Rosenstein, A Hess, S Seedat, E Meintjies 48. Discussion of HDAC inhibitors, with specific reference to supliride and its use during breastfeeding J Roux 49. Prevalence and clinical correlates of police contact prior to a first diagnosis of schizophrenia C Schumann, L Asmal, K Cloete, B Chiliza, R Emsley 50. Are dreams meaningless? M Solms 51. The conscious id M Solms 52. Depression and resilience in HIV-infected women with early life stress: Does trauma play a mediating role? G Spies, S Seedat 53. State of affairs analysis for forensic psychiatry in SA U Subramaney 54. Escitalopram in the prevention of post-traumatic stress disorder: A pilot randomised controlled trial S Suliman, S Seedat, J Pingo, T Sutherland, J Zohar, D J Stein 55. Epigenetic consequences of adverse early social experiences in primates S Suomi 56. Risk, resilience, and gene x environment interactions in primates S Suomi 57. Biological aspects of anorexia nervosa C Szabo 58. Agents used and profiles of non-fatal suicidal behaviour in East London H Uys 59. The contributions of G-protein coupled receptor signalling to opioid dependence J van Tonder 60. Emerging trend and innovation in PTSD and OCD J Zohar 61. Making the SASOP treatment guidelines operational E Allers Poster Presentations 62. Neuropsychological deficits in social anxiety disorder in the context of early developmental trauma S Bakelaar, D Rosenstein, S Seedat 63.Social anxiety disorder in patients with or without early childhood trauma: Relationship to behavioral inhibition and activation and quality of life S Bakelaar, C Bruijnen, A Sambeth, S Seedat 64. Exploring altered affective processing in obssessive compulsive disorder symptom subtypes E Breet, J Ipser, D Stein, C Lochner 65. To investigate the bias toward recognising the facial expression of disgust in obsessive compulsive disorder as well as the effect of escitalopram E Breet, J Ipser, D Stein, C Lochner 66. A fatal-case of nevirapine-induced Stevens-Johnson's syndrome in HIV mania A Bronkhorst, Z Zingela, W M Qwesha, B P Magigaba 67. Association of the COMT G472A (met/met) genotype with lower disability in people diagnosed with multiple sclerosis W Davis, S J van Rensburg, L Fisher, F J Cronje, D Geiger, M J Kotze 68. Homocycsteine levels are associated with the fat mass and obesity associated gene FTO(intron 1 T>A) polymorphism in MS patients W Davis, S J Van Rensburg, M J Kotze, L Fisher, M Jalali, F J Cronje, K Moremi, J Gamieldien, D Geiger, M Rensburg, R van Toorn, M J de Klerk, G M Hon, T Matsha, S Hassan, R T Erasmus 69. Analysis of the COMT 472 G>A (rs4680) polymorphism in relation to environmental influences as contributing factors in patients with schizophrenia D de Klerk, S J van Rensburg, R A Emsley, D Geiger, M Rensburg, R T Erasmus, M J Kotze 70. Dietary folate intake, homocysteine levels and MTHFR mutation detection in South African patients with depression: Test development for clinical application D Delport, N vand der Merwe, R Schoeman, M J Kotze 71. The use ofexome sequencing for antipsychotic pharmacogenomic applications in South African schizophrenia patients B Drogmoller, D Niehaus, G Wright, B Chiliza, L Asmal, R Emsley, L Warnich 72. The effects of HIV on the ventral-striatal reward system S du Plessis, M Vink, J Joska, E Koutsilieri, C Scheller, B Spottiswoode, D Stein, R Emsley 73. Xenomelia relates to asymmetrical insular activity: A case study of fMRI S du Plessis, M Vink, L Asmal 74. Maternal mental helath: A prospective naturalistic study of the outcome of pregancy in women with major psychiatric disorders in an African country E du Toit, L Koen, D Niehaus, B Vythilingum, E Jordaan, J Leppanen 75. Prefrontal cortical thinning and subcortical volume decrease in HIV-positive children with encephalopathy J P Fouche, B Spottiswoode, K Donald, D Stein, J Hoare 76. H-magnetic resonance spectroscopy metabolites in schizophrenia F Howells, J Hsieh, H Temmingh, D J Stein 77. Hypothesis for the development of persistent methamphetamine-induced psychosis J Hsieh, D J Stein, F M Howells 78. Culture, religion, spirituality and psychiatric practice: The SASOP Spirituality and Psychiatry Special Interest Group Action Plan for 2012-2014 B Janse van Rensburg 79. Cocaine reduces the efficiency of dopamine uptake in a rodent model of attention-deficit/hyperactivity disorder: An in vivo electrochemical study L Kellaway, J S Womersley, D J Stein, G A Gerhardt, V A Russell 80. Kleine-Levin syndrome: Case in an adolescent psychiatric unit A Lachman 81. Increased inflammatory stress specific clinical, lifestyle and therapeutic variables in patients receiving treatment for stress, anxiety or depressive symptoms H Luckhoff, M Kotze, S Janse van Rensburg, D Geiger 82. Catatonia: An eight-case series report M Mabenge, Z Zingela, S van Wyk 83. Relationship between anxiety sensitivity and childhood trauma in a random sample of adolescents from secondary schools in Cape Town L Martin, M Viljoen, S Seedat 84. 'Making ethics real'. An overview of an ethics course presented by Fraser Health Ethics Services, BC, Canada JJ McCallaghan 85. Clozapine discontinuation rates in a public healthcare setting M Moolman, W Esterhuysen, R Joubert, J C Lamprecht, M S Lubbe 86. Retrospective review of clozapine monitoring in a publica sector psychiatric hospital and associated clinics M Moolman, W Esterhuysen, R Joubert, J C Lamprecht, M S Lubbe 87. Association of an iron-related TMPRSS6 genetic variant c.2007 C>7 (rs855791) with functional iron deficiency and its effect on multiple sclerosis risk in the South African population K Moremi, S J van Rensburg, L R Fisher, W Davis, F J Cronje, M Jalali Sefid Dashti, J Gamieldien, D Geiger, M Rensburg, R van Toorn, M J de Klerk, G M Hon, T Matsha, S Hassan, R T Erasmus, M Kidd, M J Kotze 88. Identifying molecular mechanisms of apormophine-induced addictive behaviours Z Ndlazi, W Daniels, M Mabandla 89. Effects of lifestyle factors and biochemistry on the major neck blood vessels in patients with mutiple sclerosis M Nelson, S J van Rensburg, M J Kotze, F Isaacs, S Hassan 90. Nicotine protects against dopamine neurodegenration and improves motor deficits in a Parkinsonian rat model N Ngema, P Ngema, M Mabandla, W Daniels 91. Cognition: Probing anatomical substrates H Nowbath 92. Chronic exposure to light reverses the effects of maternal separation on the rat prefrontal cortex V Russel, J Dimatelis 93. Evaluating a new drug to combat Alzheimer's disease S Sibiya, W M U Daniels, M V Mabandla 94. Structural brain changes in HIV-infected women with and without childhood trauma G Spies, F Ahmed, C Fennema-Notestine, S Archibald, S Seedat 95. Nicotine-stimulated release of hippocampal norepinephrine is reduced in an animal model of attention-deficit/ hyperactivity disorder: the spontaneously hypertensive rat T Sterley 96. Brain-derive neurotrophic factor (BDNF) protein levels in anxiety disorders: Systematic review and meta-regression analysis S Suliman, S M J Hemmings, S Seedat 97. A 12-month retrospective audit of the demographic and clinical profile of mental healthcare users admitted to a district level hospital in the Western Cape, South Africa E Thomas, K J Cloete, M Kidd, H Lategan 98. Magnesium recurarization: A comparison between reversal of neuromuscular block with sugammadex v. neostigmine/ glycopyrrolate in an in vivo rat model M van den Berg, M F M James, L A Kellaway 99. Identification of breast cancer patients at increased risk of 'chemobrain': Case study and review of the literature N van der Merwe, R Pienaar, S J van Rensburg, J Bezuidenhout, M J Kotze 100. The protective role of HAART and NAZA in HIV Tat protein-induced hippocampal cell death S Zulu, W M U Daniels, M V Mabandl