Fugitive dust : nonpoint sources (1999)

Fugitive dust is a relatively new term for an old problem. Simply put, fugitive dust is a type of nonpoint source air pollution -- small airborne particles that do not originate from a specific point such as a gravel quarry or grain mill. Fugitive dust originates in small quantities over large areas. Significant sources include unpaved roads, agricultural cropland and construction sites. Most rural Missouri citizens, particularly those living near unpaved roads, are familiar with the nuisance of fugitive dust (Figure 1). Recent research indicates that there are significant health considerations involved as well.New 10/99/3M

Solid-state fermentation of oil palm frond petiole for lignin peroxidase and xylanase-rich cocktail production

In current practice, oil palm frond leaflets and stems are re-used for soil nutrient recycling, while the petioles are typically burned. Frond petioles have high commercialization value, attributed to high lignocellulose fiber content and abundant of juice containing free reducing sugars. Pressed petiole fiber is the subject of interest in this study for the production of lignocellulolytic enzyme. The initial characterization showed the combination of 0.125 mm frond particle size and 60% moisture content provided a surface area of 42.3 m2/g, porosity of 12.8%, and density of 1.2 g/cm3, which facilitated fungal solid-state fermentation. Among the several species of Aspergillus and Trichoderma tested, Aspergillus awamori MMS4 yielded the highest xylanase (109 IU/g) and cellulase (12 IU/g), while Trichoderma virens UKM1 yielded the highest lignin peroxidase (222 IU/g). Crude enzyme cocktail also contained various sugar residues, mainly glucose and xylose (0.1–0.4 g/L), from the hydrolysis of cellulose and hemicellulose. FT-IR analysis of the fermented petioles observed reduction in cellulose crystallinity (I900/1098), cellulose–lignin (I900/1511), and lignin–hemicellulose (I1511/1738) linkages. The study demonstrated successful bioconversion of chemically untreated frond petioles into lignin peroxidase and xylanase-rich enzyme cocktail under SSF condition

Failure to Confirm XMRV/MLVs in the Blood of Patients with Chronic Fatigue Syndrome: A Multi-Laboratory Study

Murine leukemia viruses (MLV), including xenotropic-MLV-related virus (XMRV), have been controversially linked to chronic fatigue syndrome (CFS). To explore this issue in greater depth, we compiled coded replicate samples of blood from 15 subjects previously reported to be XMRV/ MLV-positive (14 with CFS) and from 15 healthy donors previously determined to be negative for the viruses. These samples were distributed in a blinded fashion to nine laboratories which performed assays designed to detect XMRV/MLV nucleic acid, virus replication, and antibody. Only two laboratories reported evidence of XMRV/MLVs; however, replicate sample results showed disagreement and reactivity was similar among CFS subjects and negative controls. These results indicate that current assays do not reproducibly detect XMRV/MLV in blood samples and that blood donor screening is not warranted

HTGT-TURBOTECH. Vorhaben 1.411: Leckagestroemung an Deckbaendern von Turbinenschaufeln Abschlussbericht

Gap losses in turbines can be reduced by optimising the gap geometry. This requires detailed knowledge of the flow pattern, the gap flow rate and its interaction with the main stream. Both numerical and experimental investigations are possible. However, the calculation of gap flow and its effect on turbine performance is not sufficiently validated so that an experimental data base must be provided first. This project intends to do this. The data will serve for turbine design as well as for validating flow calculations.Wenn man hohe Wirkungsgrade in Kraftwerken durch Verbesserung der Komponenten erzielen will, muessen insbesondere die Verluste in den Turbinen minimiert werden. In den Gittern einer Turbine entstehen Stroemungsverluste durch Dissipation in wandnahen Bereichen. Daneben treten Spaltverluste auf, die dadurch entstehen, dass sich Leckmassenstroeme zwischen stehenden und drehenden Bauteilen nicht am Arbeitsumsatz beteiligen. Da die Verringerung des Spaltquerschnittes wegen des sicheren Turbinenbetriebs nur begrenzt realisiert werden kann, muss die Spaltgeometrie optimiert werden, mit dem Ziel diese Spaltverluste zu vermindern. Fuer die Optimierung der Spaltgeometrie ist es notwendig ueber genaue Kenntnisse der Spaltstroemung im Detail, den Spaltdurchsatz und seine Wechselwirkung mit der Haupstroemung zu verfuegen. Diese Kenntnisse koennten sowohl numerisch als auch experimentell gewonnen werden. Allerdings ist die Berechnung der Spaltstroemung im Detail sowie deren Einfluss auf den Wirkungsgrad bei gaengigen Verfahren zur Berechnung der dreidimensionalen Stroemung bisher nicht ausreichend validiert, so dass zunaechst experimentell eine Datenbasis geschaffen werden muss. Dieses Projekt dient der Schaffung einer solchen experimentellen Datenbasis sowohl fuer die direkte Umsetzung in Korrelationen fuer die Turbinenauslegung als auch fuer die Absicherung von Ergebnissen aus Stroemungsberechnungen im Spaltbereich. (orig.)SIGLEAvailable from TIB Hannover: F00B1606 / FIZ - Fachinformationszzentrum Karlsruhe / TIB - Technische InformationsbibliothekBundesministerium fuer Bildung und Forschung, Berlin (Germany)DEGerman

Untersuchung und Modellierung der Brennstoffumsetzung im Brennernahbereich technischer Verbrennungssysteme Abschlussbericht

In the past laserspectroscopic measuring methods were widely used for the analysis of gas flames under laboratory conditions. This project was to determine whether this method is also suitable for large experimental combustion chambers such as the medium-pressure test facilities of the department for steam- and gas turbines. Furthermore we aimed to establish how far it is possible to use liquid-fuel flames for kerosine and diesel, both of which are widely used in the industry. The laser system financed by the Federal Minstry for Research and Technology gave us greater opportunities of studying the combustion processes. Apart from using conventional measuring systems we were for the first time able to carry out non-contact measurements with high temporal resolutions. These measurements required the rebuilding of our test combustion chamber. We can now measure flames under conditions which are almost identical to those of industrial combustion chambers. These results, supported by LDA/PDA measurements of the department for energy plant engineering are a solid basis for the improvement and verification of simulation programs. (orig./GL)Laserspektroskopische Messverfahren zur Untersuchung von Gasflammen unter Laborbedingungen wurden in der Vergangenheit vielfaeltig eingesetzt. Die Anwendbarkeit an grossen Versuchsbrennkammern, wie den Mitteldruckpruefstand des Lehrstuhls fuer Dampf- und Gasturbinen, sollte untersucht und die Grenzen der Einsatzmoeglichkeiten an Fluessigbrennstoff-Flammen, mit fuer die industrielle Praxis bedeutsamen Brennstoffen wie Kerosin und Diesel, abgeschaetzt werden. Mit Hilfe des durch das BMBF finanzierten Lasersystems konnten die Moeglichkeiten zur Untersuchung von Verbrennungsablaeufen am Lehrstuhl fuer Dampf- und Gasturbinen erheblich erweitert werden. Neben konventionellen Messverfahren waren erstmals beruehrungslose Messungen mit hoher zeitlicher Aufloesung moeglich. Fuer den Einsatz dieser Messtechnik war ein umfangreicher Umbau des Mitteldruck-Brennkammerpruefstandes notwendig. Dieser Umbau ermoeglicht Messungen an Flammen unter Bedingungen, wie sie auch annaehernd in technischen Brennkammern auftreten. Diese Ergebnisse, unterstuetzt durch die LDA/PDA Messungen des Lehrstuhls fuer Energieanlagentechnik bildeten eine solide Grundlage fuer die Weiterentwicklung und Verifikation von Simulationsprogrammen. (orig.)SIGLEAvailable from TIB Hannover: F96B1237+a / FIZ - Fachinformationszzentrum Karlsruhe / TIB - Technische InformationsbibliothekBundesministerium fuer Bildung, Wissenschaft, Forschung und Technologie, Bonn (Germany)DEGerman

Heat - extruded sorghum grain for growirig - finishing swine.

Swine Industry Day 1968 is known as Swine Day, 1968This paper is a progress report of a research project initiated this past year designed to study the effects of heat and pressure processing of sorghum grain on the performance of swine. The theoretical reasoning behind this approach was to increase the utilization of sorghum grain by chemical and/or physical starch damage with the application of certain degrees of heat and pressure during processing. The starch granules, which contain complex forms of chemically stored" energy, must be broken-up and reduced into simple units of glucose in the digestive tract of the pig before absorption can occur