Whose Voices are Heard? Sources Quoted in Media Coverage of Amateurism and NIL Rights in College Sport

While there is an ample amount of research surrounding student-athlete amateurism and name, image, and likeness (NIL) rights in collegiate athletics, there is a lack of research concerning the influence of the mass media when it comes to these same issues. The purpose of the current study was to examine how quoted sources (e.g., coaches, administrators, athletes) are used to frame the issue of amateurism and NIL when covered in the media. Out of the 113 sample articles that were analyzed, sources such as the NCAA and politicians were most frequently cited. These two sources were quoted a combined 191 times, while collegiate student-athletes were quoted a total of 7 times. Notable themes that emerged throughout analysis were the nationwide effort by multiple sources to solve the issue of NIL, the NCAA’s attempt to maintain the collegiate model of amateurism, the blurred lines created to cloud how student-athletes are seen in the eye of the public, and the complexity of NIL deliberation and implementation among university officials. With NIL legislation on the brink of historic breakthrough, these themes matter both to the current reality of the student-athlete experience in college sport and the future of understanding media influence on the issue of amateurism and NIL. During the process and aftermath of this forthcoming reform in college sport, it remains the responsibility of members of the media to present amateurism and NIL in such a way that provides a voice for all sources involved, particularly the student-athletes on which college sports depend

Goo-prone and generally pathetic : Empathy and Irony in David Foster Wallace\u27s Infinite Jest

Critical considerations of David Foster Wallace’s work have tended, on the whole, to use the framework that the author himself established in his essay “E Unibus Pluram” and in his interview with Larry McCaffery. Following his own lead, the critical consensus is that Wallace succeeds in overcoming the limits of postmodern irony. If we examine the formal trappings of his writing, however, we find that the critical assertion that Wallace manages to transcend the paralytic irony of his postmodern predecessors is made in the face of his frequent employment of postmodern techniques and devices. Thus, there arises a contradiction between Wallace’s stated aims that critics have largely endorsed and his clear stylistic debt to the very authors against whom he is supposedly rebelling. This critical consensus raises the question of how these distinctly anti-postmodern themes can be treated with identifiably postmodern literary techniques. The resolution to this apparent contradiction lies in the ends to which Wallace puts these postmodern means. Although Wallace’s fiction shares many characteristics with much of postmodern literature, he employs many of those same techniques to achieve a distinctly anti-postmodern goal: the praxis of a literary ethic that revolves around narrative empathy, both the textual empathy that the characters have for each other and the metatextual empathy that the reader has for the characters

MODEL SELECTION CRITERIA USING LIKELIHOOD FUNCTIONS AND OUT-OF-SAMPLE PERFORMANCE

Model selection is often conducted by ranking models by their out-of-sample forecast error. Such criteria only incorporate information about the expected value, whereas models usually describe the entire probability distribution. Hence, researchers may desire a criteria evaluating the performance of the entire probability distribution. Such a method is proposed and is found to increase the likelihood of selecting the true model relative to conventional model ranking techniques.Research Methods/ Statistical Methods,

HYPOTHESIS TESTING USING NUMEROUS APPROXIMATING FUNCTIONAL FORMS

While the combination of several or more models is often found to improve forecasts (Brandt and Bessler, Min and Zellner, Norwood and Schroeder), hypothesis tests are typically conducted using a single model approach 1 . Hypothesis tests and forecasts have similar goals; they seek to define a range over which a parameter should lie within a degree of confidence. If it is true that, on average, composite forecasts are more accurate than a single model's forecast, it might also be true that hypothesis tests using information from numerous models are, on average, more accurate in the sense of lower Type I and Type II errors than hypothesis tests using a single model.Research Methods/ Statistical Methods,

A network-based approach for predicting key enzymes explaining metabolite abundance alterations in a disease phenotype

<p>Background The study of metabolism has attracted much attention during the last years due to its relevance in various diseases. The advance in metabolomics platforms allows us to detect an increasing number of metabolites in abnormal high/low concentration in a disease phenotype. Finding a mechanistic interpretation for these alterations is important to understand pathophysiological processes, however it is not an easy task. The availability of genome scale metabolic networks and Systems Biology techniques open new avenues to address this question.</p> <p>Results In this article we present a novel mathematical framework to find enzymes whose malfunction explains the accumulation/depletion of a given metabolite in a disease phenotype. Our approach is based on a recently introduced pathway concept termed Carbon Flux Paths (CFPs), which extends classical topological definition by including network stoichiometry. Using CFPs, we determine the Connectivity Curve of an altered metabolite, which allows us to quantify changes in its pathway structure when a certain enzyme is removed. The influence of enzyme removal is then ranked and used to explain the accumulation/depletion of such metabolite. For illustration, we center our study in the accumulation of two metabolites (L-Cystine and Homocysteine) found in high concentration in the brain of patients with mental disorders. Our results were discussed based on literature and found a good agreement with previously reported mechanisms. In addition, we hypothesize a novel role of several enzymes for the accumulation of these metabolites, which opens new strategies to understand the metabolic processes underlying these diseases.</p> <p>Conclusions With personalized medicine on the horizon, metabolomic platforms are providing us with a vast amount of experimental data for a number of complex diseases. Our approach provides a novel apparatus to rationally investigate and understand metabolite alterations under disease phenotypes. This work contributes to the development of Systems Medicine, whose objective is to answer clinical questions based on theoretical methods and high-throughput “omics” data.</p&gt

Liveness-Based Garbage Collection for Lazy Languages

We consider the problem of reducing the memory required to run lazy first-order functional programs. Our approach is to analyze programs for liveness of heap-allocated data. The result of the analysis is used to preserve only live data---a subset of reachable data---during garbage collection. The result is an increase in the garbage reclaimed and a reduction in the peak memory requirement of programs. While this technique has already been shown to yield benefits for eager first-order languages, the lack of a statically determinable execution order and the presence of closures pose new challenges for lazy languages. These require changes both in the liveness analysis itself and in the design of the garbage collector. To show the effectiveness of our method, we implemented a copying collector that uses the results of the liveness analysis to preserve live objects, both evaluated (i.e., in WHNF) and closures. Our experiments confirm that for programs running with a liveness-based garbage collector, there is a significant decrease in peak memory requirements. In addition, a sizable reduction in the number of collections ensures that in spite of using a more complex garbage collector, the execution times of programs running with liveness and reachability-based collectors remain comparable

Truth or Consequences: The Dilemma of Asserting the Fifth Amendment Privilege Against Self-Incrimination in Bankruptcy Proceedings

This article discusses both the manner in which issues regarding the Fifth Amendment privilege against self-incrimination may arise in bankruptcy cases and the many potential consequences of asserting the privilege. Parts II and III provide a general overview of the bankruptcy process and the Fifth Amendment, respectively. Part IV examines whether and to what extent the privilege against self-incrimination protects corporations and their directors, officers, and shareholders. Part V offers a similar examination of the extent to which the Fifth Amendment protects against the compelled production of documents. Parts VI and VII address the closely related topics of invocation and waiver of the privilege. Part VIII analyzes what may well be the most serious potential consequence of invoking the privilege-the court’s drawing an adverse inference against the individual choosing to remain silent. Part IX analyzes other, at least arguably, less serious potential consequences when the court draws such inferences. Part X discusses the question of whether a bankruptcy court can and should stay bankruptcy proceedings pending the outcome of criminal proceedings against an individual who invokes the privilege against self-incrimination during a bankruptcy proceeding. Finally, Part XI deals with immunity, an often suggested but seldom granted means of resolving the inherent conflict between the individual’s right to remain silent and other parties’ interests in full disclosure

A Student-Created, Open Access, Living Textbook

Textbooks are expensive, updated infrequently, and rarely used effectively by students. We discuss here a way for students to create the textbook for the course, helping them feel ownership over the course material. This Wiki-based, student-created textbook is online free for use, widely accessible by all, and editable during the course of and as topics evolve. This type of textbook format is particularly well suited to upper-level electives on topics that are rapidly emerging. We have nucleated a student created textbook here, fully online and open access, for two upper elective courses in chemical engineering. Wikis offer an easy-to-learn platform that does not require previous training in coding, and we have found it to be an excellent way to increase student learning while encouraging student buy-in and ownership of their course textbook

Effect Of Legal Counsel Activity On The Cost Of Municipal Bond Offerings

The authors examine the relationship between interest cost to the issuer of municipal bonds and legal counsel associated with the offering. Modeling interest cost with explanatory variables reflecting legal counsel, issue characteristics, and conditions in the financial markets, the authors conclude that offerings in which an active bond counsel participated had average interest costs statistically significantly lower than those without such counsel. Offerings involving issuer=s counsel and activity of underwriter=s counsel experienced statistically higher average interest costs than otherwise. The authors note that their results are consistent with the certification hypothesis